{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:49:41Z","timestamp":1783489781856,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Global Center of Excellence Program, Nagasaki University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017091","name":"Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increases in bed net coverage and antimalarial treatment have reduced the risk of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the pace of reduction has slowed, and new tools are needed to reverse this trend. We evaluated houses screened with insecticide-treated ceiling nets using a cluster randomized-controlled trial in western Kenya. The primary endpoints were <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> PCR-positive prevalence (PCR<jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>PR) of children from 7 months to 10 years old and anopheline density. Ceiling nets and bed nets were provided to 1073 houses, and 1162 houses were provided with bed nets only. The treatment and control arms each had four clusters. We conducted three epidemiological and entomological post-intervention surveys over the course of a year and a half. Each epidemiological survey targeted 150 children per cluster, and entomological surveys targeted 25 houses. When the three surveys were combined, the median PCR<jats:italic>Pf<\/jats:italic>PRs were 23% (IQR 8%) in the intervention arm and 42% (IQR 12%) in the control arm. The adjusted risk ratio (RR) was 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41\u20130.71; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.029]. The median anopheline densities were 0.4 (IQR 0.4) and 2.0 (IQR 1.4), respectively. The adjusted RR was 0.41 (95% CI 0.29\u20130.90; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.029). The present study indicates additional protection from insecticide-screened ceilings over the current best practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182022000415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T07:18:59Z","timestamp":1650352739000},"page":"944-955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effectiveness of screened ceilings over the current best practice in reducing malaria prevalence in western Kenya: a cluster randomized-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3664-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noboru","family":"Minakawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Kawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O.","family":"Kongere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George O.","family":"Sonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Lutiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Awuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Isozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Futami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref47","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-176"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.4.839"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.32"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000328"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61078-3"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60871-0"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.100"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref46","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref39","first-page":"433","article-title":"The house-frequenting, host-seeking and resting behavior of Anopheles darlingi in southeastern Amazonas, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201800149X"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.115"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0038"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01059.x"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.009"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canty, A and Ripley, BD (2016) boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R package version 1.3\u201328.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat06177.pub2"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000955"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-52"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-63"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0152-y"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref9","first-page":"115","article-title":"Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data \u2013 or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India","volume":"38","author":"Filmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0314"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7060179"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i08"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022574"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.243"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref7","first-page":"7","article-title":"Malaria and ecosystems: from prehistory to posteradication","volume":"36","author":"de Zulueta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq026"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.121"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000176"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-230"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref38","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref11","article-title":"House modifications for preventing malaria","author":"Furnival-Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024323"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00276-x"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02382-6"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref20","volume-title":"Bootstrap Methods and Permutation Tests: Companion Chapter 18 to the Practice of Business Statistics","author":"Hesterberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref18","volume-title":"Cluster Randomised Trials","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0724-1"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802843"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03444-w"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-102"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys122"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref28","first-page":"47","article-title":"Indoor resting places of the major malaria vectors in western Kenya","volume":"32","author":"Kawada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomology and Zoology"},{"key":"S0031182022000415_ref37","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria","volume":"11","author":"Pryce","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182022000415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T06:50:21Z","timestamp":1658731821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182022000415\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182022000415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182022000415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}