{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:33:47Z","timestamp":1784140427897,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insect symbionts have attracted attention for their potential use as anti-parasitic gene products in arthropod disease vectors. While tsetse species of the Luangwa valley have been extensively studied, less is known about the prevalence of symbionts and their interactions with the trypanosome parasite. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sodalis<\/jats:italic> bacteria, in tsetse flies infected with trypanosomes (<jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>). Out of 278 captured tsetse flies in eastern Zambia, 95.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 265, 95% CI = 92.8\u201397.8) carried endosymbionts: <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> (79.1%, 95% CI 73.9\u201383.8) and <jats:italic>Sodalis<\/jats:italic> (86.3%, 95% CI 81.7\u201390.1). Overall, trypanosome prevalence was 25.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 71, 95% CI = 20.4\u201330.7), 10.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 30, 95% CI 7.1\u201314.4) for <jats:italic>T. brucei,<\/jats:italic> 1.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4, 95% CI = 0.4\u20133.6) for both <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>, and 0.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2, 95% CI 0.1\u20132.6) for <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense.<\/jats:italic> Out of 240 tsetse flies that were infected with <jats:italic>Sodalis,<\/jats:italic> trypanosome infection was reported in 40 tsetse flies (16.7%, 95% CI = 12.0\u201321.4) while 37 (16.8%, 95% CI 11.9\u201321.8) of the 220 <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infected tsetse flies were infected with trypanosomes. There was 1.3 times likelihood of <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> infection to be present when <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> was present and 1.7 likelihood of <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic> infection when <jats:italic>Sodalis<\/jats:italic> was present. Overall findings suggest absence of correlation between the presence of tsetse endosymbionts and tsetse with trypanosome infection. Lastly, the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse species examined provided insights into the risk communities face, and the importance of African trypanosomiasis in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182022000804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T14:37:06Z","timestamp":1655217426000},"page":"1406-1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of trypanosomes and selected symbionts in tsetse species of eastern Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria M.","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Namangala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Gummow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182022000804_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006842","article-title":"A single test approach for accurate and sensitive detection and taxonomic characterization of trypanosomes by comprehensive analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 amplicons","volume":"13","author":"Gaithuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"S0031182022000804_ref35","unstructured":"WHO (2017) Managing zoonotic public health Risks at the human-animal-ecosystem interface [Online]. 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Insight into the Transmission Biology and Species-Specific Functional Capabilities of Tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) Obligate symbiont Wigglesworthia. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}