{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:42Z","timestamp":1792259382018,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008227","name":"University of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postgraduate Bursary"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postgraduate Bursary"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> genotypes is beneficial for detecting strains linked to increased disease severity and uncovering the processes involved in the transmission and distribution of this zoonotic parasite. A systematic review of literature was conducted to investigate the present status of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genetic diversity in African countries and among host species on the continent. Data from the results in the included studies were sorted, reviewed and descriptively analysed using tables, graphs and maps. Results indicate that there is a relative amount of genetic diversity with a clear difference in the population structure between geographical regions and the propensity for unique and regional genotypes to be predominant in tropical rainforest biomes, near the equator. From a clinical perspective, connections between specific <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genotypes and disease manifestations were found. Theories are outlined on the dissemination of African <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genotypes to other continents. The overrepresentation of samples from one geographical area and dissimilar genotyping methodologies creates challenges when concluding on the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in Africa. The need for uniform genotyping methods with a continent-wide sampling of an extensive host range involving humans, domestic animals and wildlife is emphasized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182023000252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T09:20:56Z","timestamp":1679304056000},"page":"551-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An African perspective on the genetic diversity of <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilze","family":"du Plooy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malitaba","family":"Mlangeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6484-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riann","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Tsotetsi-Khambule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.101509"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0691"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5442-x"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3801-4"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.007"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref25","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases","author":"Despommier","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.018"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2608.1"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.016"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00021-07"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.04.021"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.11.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5541-8"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-1029-4"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.007"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref1","first-page":"511","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from female patients with toxoplasmosis","volume":"38","author":"Abdel-Hameed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-425"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref49","unstructured":"Hammond-Aryee, K (2016) Seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in the Western Cape of South Africa (PhD thesis). Stellenbosch University, South Africa. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10019.1\/100420."},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.06.007"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2009-10-5-r53"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657000022016"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2022.144.153"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.010"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref50","first-page":"101","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in South Africa \u2013 old disease in a new context","volume":"4","author":"Hammond-Aryee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105060"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref9","first-page":"28","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis in Benghazi, Libya: evidence of type I strain","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009458"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.029"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104930"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02196-10"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075958"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.04.013"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597477"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref63","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: systematic review and prevalence snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59060-w"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00133-X"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007435"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008980"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref47","unstructured":"Glen, S (2022) Cohen's D: definition, examples, formulas. Retrieved from StatisticsHowTo.com: elementary statistics for the rest of us! Available at https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/probability-and-statistics\/statistics-definitions\/cohens-d\/ (Accessed 28 July 2022)."},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001844"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085044"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078035"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref65","first-page":"617","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Menoufia governorate","volume":"28","author":"Nassef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menoufia Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4037-4044.2002"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/12-25.1"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122526"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i2.486"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153366","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii, \u2018new\u2019 genotypes and virulence","volume":"15","author":"Dard\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12458"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.004"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-6304-4.ch004"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000876"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.01.004"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203190109"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref72","unstructured":"QGIS Association (2022) QGIS Geographic Information System. Version QGIS 3.26.0-Buenos Aires. QGIS.org. Available at https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/."},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref70","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Wildlife Management \u2013 Failures, Successes and Prospects","author":"Parin","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2656-2"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref35","first-page":"128","article-title":"Ecological and pathological study of T. gondii Egyptian rat isolates reference to biological and genetic typescripts","volume":"9","author":"El Fadaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of PharmTech Research"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-410R"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3152-z"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9857-9_2"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722202115"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003654"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88751-1"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.06.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.057"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.015"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342663"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01152-10"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00052"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref27","first-page":"Chapter 84, pp 1","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"Dubey","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.842595"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02502-12"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref11","first-page":"49","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of Toxoplasma gondii from recently infected aborted Egyptian women","volume":"46","author":"Badr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0087"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.08.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.06.008"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1362.1"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.07.007"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab039"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref15","first-page":"413","article-title":"An atypical strain associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in Tunisia","volume":"34","author":"Boughattas","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New Microbiologica"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref16","first-page":"615","article-title":"Case of fatal congenital toxoplasmosis associated with I\/III recombinant genotype","volume":"28","author":"Boughattas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tropical Biomedicine"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521246"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy375"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2563"},{"key":"S0031182023000252_ref81","unstructured":"Spevack, B (2020) Animal smuggling in air transport and preventing zoonotic spillover. C4ADS. Available at https:\/\/routespartnership.org\/industry-resources\/publications\/animalsmuggling\/view."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182023000252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T02:28:24Z","timestamp":1689906504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182023000252\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182023000252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182023000252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}