{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:19:08Z","timestamp":1784308748734,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered the most severe parasitic disease that ever affected the human population in Iceland. Before the start of eradication campaign in the 1860s, Iceland was a country with very high prevalence of human CE, with approximately every fifth person infected. Eradication of CE from Iceland by 1979 was a huge success story and served as a leading example for other countries on how to combat such a severe One Health problem. However, there is no genetic information on <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> parasites before eradication. Here, we reveal the genetic identity for one of the last <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> isolates in Iceland, obtained from a sheep 46 years ago (1977). We sequenced a large portion of the mitochondrial genome (8141 bp) and identified the isolate as <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> genotype G1. As G1 is known to be highly infective genotype to humans, it may partly explain why such a large proportion of human population in Iceland was infected at a time . The study demonstrates that decades-old samples hold significant potential to uncover genetic identities of parasites in the past.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182023000355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T12:35:15Z","timestamp":1681475715000},"page":"638-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cystic echinococcosis in Iceland: a brief history and genetic analysis of a 46-year-old <i>Echinococcus<\/i> isolate collected prior to the eradication of this zoonotic disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urmas","family":"Saarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Skirnisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorunn Soley","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teivi","family":"Laurim\u00e4e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liina","family":"Kinkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref14","unstructured":"Gestsdottir, H (2004) The palaeopathology of Iceland: preliminary report 2003. Haffjar\u00f0arey, Ne\u00f0ranes & Vi\u00f0ey [Report]. Reykjavik: Fornleifastofnun Islands."},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001530"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4435"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109347"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004198"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3492-x"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00638-7"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104377"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003664"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref42","unstructured":"Reglugerd ANR (201\/2020) Regluger\u00f0 um einangrun og einangrunarst\u00f6\u00f0var fyrir g\u00e6lud\u00fdr (Regulation of isolation and isolation centers for pets) (in Icelandic) https:\/\/www.reglugerd.is\/reglugerdir\/eftir-raduneytum\/landbunadarraduneyti\/nr\/21848"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref52","unstructured":"Zoega, G (2007) Fornmeinafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 fimm beinagrindum \u00far klausturgar\u00f0inum \u00e1 Skri\u00f0u. No. 23, 29, 30, 33 og 43. Report 2007\/61. Sau\u00f0\u00e1rkr\u00f3kur: Bygg\u00f0asafn Skagfir\u00f0inga (In Icelandic)."},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0991"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.06.026"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.06.016"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref45","first-page":"116","article-title":"On the cestode fauna of terrestrial mammals in Iceland","volume":"87","author":"Sk\u00edrnisson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00e1tt\u00farufr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"S\u00ed\u00f0asti sullurinn","volume":"46","author":"J\u00f3nsson","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Icelandic Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.01.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.033"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref16","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118202000075X"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref12","first-page":"212","article-title":"Eradication of hydatid disease in Iceland","volume":"56","author":"Dungal","year":"1957","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref39","unstructured":"P\u00e1lsson, PA (1984) Hydatidosis in Iceland: how it was eradicated. In: Euzeby J & Gevrey J (eds). Some important parasitic infections in bovines considered from economic and social (zoonosis) points of view. Commission of the European Communities, ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussel and Luxembourg. Parasitological symposium, Lyons, France, 24-26 October, 1983, pp. 121\u2013131."},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2016.08.001"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.04.012"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170587"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.450.178"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref3","first-page":"399","article-title":"Four cases of hydatid disease treated at Akureyri Regional Hospital during 1984\u20131988","volume":"75","author":"Arinbjarnar","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Icelandic Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03125-1"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1155"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.03.006"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000719"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref46","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Parasites of the Colder Climates","author":"Sk\u00edrnisson","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.001","article-title":"Biology and systematics of echinococcus","volume":"95","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05197-8"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.04.023"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103941"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008005453"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.04.016"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1981.tb00349.x"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.08.008"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.07.022"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Helmintologiske Unders\u00f8gelser i Danmark og paa Island med s\u00e6rligt Hensyn til Bl\u00e6reormlidelserne paa Island (Helminthological investigations in Denmark and on Iceland)","volume":"5","author":"Krabbe","year":"1865","journal-title":"Det Kongel. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020024"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300016719"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sullaveikin \u00e1 undanhaldi","volume":"37","author":"P\u00e1lsson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Icelandic Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref4","first-page":"653","article-title":"The elimination of echinococcosis from Iceland","volume":"48","author":"Beard","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organisation"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000549"},{"key":"S0031182023000355_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182023000355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T02:28:29Z","timestamp":1689906509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182023000355\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182023000355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182023000355","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}