{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:33:44Z","timestamp":1792445624049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine if the protozoa that cause dysentery might have been present in Jerusalem, the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, during the Iron Age. Sediments from 2 latrines pertaining to this time period were obtained, 1 dating from the 7th century BCE and another from the 7th to early 6th century BCE. Microscopic investigations have previously shown that the users were infected by whipworm (<jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>), roundworm (<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Taenia<\/jats:italic> sp. tapeworm and pinworm (<jats:italic>Enterobius vermicularis<\/jats:italic>). However, the protozoa that cause dysentery are fragile and do not survive well in ancient samples in a form recognizable using light microscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed to detect the antigens of <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> were used. Results for <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> were negative, while <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> was positive for both latrine sediments when the analysis was repeated three times. This provides our first microbiological evidence for infective diarrhoeal illnesses that would have affected the populations of the ancient near east. When we integrate descriptions from 2nd and 1st millennium BCE Mesopotamian medical texts, it seems likely that outbreaks of dysentery due to giardiasis may have caused ill health throughout early towns across the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182023000410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T07:00:52Z","timestamp":1685084452000},"page":"693-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i> and dysentery in Iron Age Jerusalem (7th\u20136th century BCE)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piers D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya'akov","family":"Billig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuval","family":"Gadot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Warnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dafna","family":"Langgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12470"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i47.8974"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20475"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref10","volume-title":"The Middle East: The Cradle of Civilization","author":"Bourke","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03344355.2020.1707447"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq035"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90337-8"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819002"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref61","article-title":"New bit \u0161itti installation from the City of David","author":"Vukosavovi\u0107","year":"in press","journal-title":"Biblical Archaeology Review"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.09.002"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/peq.1992.124.1.4"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.611-614.1999"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref3","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations","author":"Anastasiou","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2013.08.003"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.11.017"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref62","first-page":"1","volume-title":"New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region XIV","author":"Vukosavovi\u0107","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.6.575"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.2005.5124"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190231149.001.0001"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.02.003"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2786"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03344355.2022.2056685"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282606"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03344355.2020.1707451"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref55","volume-title":"Excavations by Kathleen M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961\u20131967, Vol. III: The Settlement in the Bronze and Iron Ages","author":"Steiner","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/0334435514Z.00000000041"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Late First Temple period decorated stone capitals from Armon Hanatziv in southern Jerusalem","volume":"161","author":"Billig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qadmoniot"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00011-7"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.003"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1287mwm"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref53","volume-title":"Excavations at the City of David I 1978\u20131982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons","author":"Shiloh","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.01.016"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref13","first-page":"64","article-title":"It had to happen: scientists examine remains of ancient bathroom","volume":"17","author":"Cahill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biblical Archaeology Review"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref50","volume-title":"A Concise History of Ancient Israel: From the Beginnings Through the Hellenistic Era","author":"Schipper","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813526"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266085"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00310328.2022.2111492"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref5","first-page":"57","article-title":"Jerusalem ivories: a collection of decorated ivory panels from building 100, Giv'ati parking lot excavations and their cultural setting","volume":"106","author":"Avisar","year":"2022","journal-title":"\u2018Atiqot"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.10.005"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004368088_029","volume-title":"Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic","author":"Steinert","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref60","first-page":"98","article-title":"Reconsidering toilet installations in the southern Levant","volume":"130","author":"Vukosavovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revue Biblique"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr102"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref17","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Catalogue of Small Finds and Varia in: Excavations at the City of David 1978\u20131985, Volume VIIB, Area E: The Finds","author":"De Groot","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.03.001"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.281"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00024-19"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70123-7"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105430"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref42","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations","author":"McMahon","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref40","volume-title":"Age of Empires: The History and Administration of Judah in the 8th\u20132nd Centuries BCE in Light of Storage Jar Stamp Impressions","author":"Lipschits","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/703343"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5615\/bullamerschoorie.375.0103"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.08.012"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008005000018"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2019.61"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/15-916"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1978.11719291"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref12","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period","author":"Cahill","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref59","volume-title":"Underground Jerusalem: Discoveries on the Hill of Ophel, 1909\u20131911","author":"Vincent","year":"1911"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237029"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref22","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain in the Iron Age and Persian Periods: New Studies on Jerusalem's Relations with the Southern Coastal Plain of Israel\/Palestine (c. 1200\u2013300 BCE)","author":"Gadot","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511732386"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92657-N"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref18","first-page":"129","volume-title":"New Studies on Jerusalem 11","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0031182023000410_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1526-1529.1997"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182023000410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T11:59:12Z","timestamp":1690199952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182023000410\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182023000410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182023000410","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}