{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T12:44:52Z","timestamp":1762087492193,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic> (the rat lungworm) is a zoonotic parasite of non-permissive accidental (dogs, humans, horses, marsupials, birds) hosts. The 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> stage larvae (L3s) in the intermediate host (molluscs) act as the source of infection for accidental hosts through ingestion. Larvae can spontaneously emerge from dead gastropods (slugs and snails) in water, which are experimentally infective to rats. We sought to identify the time when infective <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic> larvae can autonomously leave dead experimentally infected <jats:italic>Bullastra lessoni<\/jats:italic> snails. The proportion of <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic> larvae that emerge from crushed and submerged <jats:italic>B. lessoni<\/jats:italic> is higher in snails 62 days post-infection (DPI) (30.3%). The total larval burden of snails increases at 91 DPI, indicating that emerged larvae subsequently get recycled by the population. There appears to be a window of opportunity between 1 and 3 months for infective larvae to autonomously escape dead snails. From a human and veterinary medicine viewpoint, the mode of infection needs to be considered; whether that be through ingestion of an infected gastropod, or <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> drinking water contaminated with escaped larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182023000434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T10:45:35Z","timestamp":1683629135000},"page":"700-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rat lungworm (<i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/i>) active larval emergence from deceased bubble pond snails (<i>Bullastra lessoni<\/i>) into water"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Rivory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160lapeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref12","first-page":"449","article-title":"Experimentally induced Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Jindrak","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020001857"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref7","first-page":"6","article-title":"Biology, systematics, life cycle, and distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cause of rat lungworm disease","volume":"72","author":"Cowie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref20","first-page":"63","article-title":"Detection of rat lungworm in intermediate, definitive, and paratenic hosts obtained from environmental sources","volume":"72","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hawai'i Journal of Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000488"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.983"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Human infections with Angiostrongylus cantonensis","volume":"8","author":"Alto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pacific Health Dialog"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.04.004"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209813"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378612-8.00023-8"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12332"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(75)90091-0"},{"volume-title":"Australian Land Snails","year":"2010","author":"Stanisic","key":"S0031182023000434_ref22"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref9","unstructured":"Cross, JH (1979) Studies on Angiostrongyliasis in Eastern Asia and Australia, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13105"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(71)90043-5"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3491-y"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276595"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094969"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0280"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00133-8"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9550001"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Observations on the role of mollusks and planarians in the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection to man in New Caledonia","volume":"24","author":"Ash","year":"1976","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref5","first-page":"39","article-title":"Possible role of water in transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"50","author":"Cheng","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007277"},{"key":"S0031182023000434_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.206"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182023000434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T11:59:09Z","timestamp":1690199949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182023000434\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182023000434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182023000434","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-1820"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}