{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1791378158044,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the life cycle and mode of transmission of <jats:italic>Dientamoeba fragilis<\/jats:italic>. Recently it was suggested that fecal\u2013oral transmission of cysts may play a role in the transmission of <jats:italic>D. fragilis<\/jats:italic>. In order to establish an infection, <jats:italic>D. fragilis<\/jats:italic> is required to remain viable when exposed to the pH of the stomach. In this study, we investigated the ability of cultured trophozoites to withstand the extremes of pH. We provide evidence that trophozoites of <jats:italic>D. fragilis<\/jats:italic> are vulnerable to highly acidic conditions. We also investigated further the ultrastructure of <jats:italic>D. fragilis<\/jats:italic> cysts obtained from mice and rats by transmission electron microscopy. These studies of cysts showed a clear cyst wall surrounding an encysted parasite. The cyst wall was double layered with an outer fibrillar layer and an inner layer enclosing the parasite. Hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were present in the cysts. Pelta-axostyle structures, costa and axonemes were identifiable and internal flagellar axonemes were present. This study therefore provides additional novel details and knowledge of the ultrastructure of the cyst stage of <jats:italic>D. fragilis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182024000076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:46:30Z","timestamp":1706165190000},"page":"337-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Observations on the transmission of <i>Dientamoeba fragilis<\/i> and the cyst life cycle stage"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9025-1254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varuni S.","family":"Munasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole G. 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