{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:29:58Z","timestamp":1769164198358,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016230","name":"Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medically important ixodid ticks often carry multiple pathogens, with individual ticks frequently coinfected and capable of transmitting multiple infections to hosts, including humans. Acquisition of multiple zoonotic pathogens by immature blacklegged ticks (<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>) is facilitated when they feed on small mammals, which are the most competent reservoir hosts for <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic> (which causes anaplasmosis in humans), <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic> (babesiosis) and <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (Lyme disease). Here, we used data from a large-scale, long-term experiment to ask whether patterns of single and multiple infections in questing nymphal <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic> ticks from residential neighbourhoods differed from those predicted by independent assortment of pathogens, and whether patterns of coinfection were affected by residential application of commercial acaricidal products. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for pathogen detection in multiplex reactions. In control neighbourhoods and those treated with a fungus-based biopesticide deployed against host-seeking ticks (Met52), ticks having only single infections of either <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> were significantly less common than expected, whereas coinfections with these 2 pathogens were significantly more common. However, use of tick control system bait boxes, which kill ticks attempting to feed on small mammals, eliminated the bias towards coinfection. Although aimed at reducing the abundance of host-seeking ticks, control methods directed at ticks attached to small mammals may influence human exposure to coinfected ticks and the probability of exposure to multiple tick-borne infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182024000349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:03:50Z","timestamp":1710734630000},"page":"946-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of residential acaricide treatments on patterns of pathogen coinfection in blacklegged ticks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3707-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Ostfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Adish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Mowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Duerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Andrew S.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilya R.","family":"Fischhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pendleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Pfister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Teator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Keesing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182024000349_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2146"},{"key":"S0031182024000349_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz046"},{"key":"S0031182024000349_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020172"},{"key":"S0031182024000349_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2006)056[0383:CTATZW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182024000349_ref9","unstructured":"Hartig, F (2022) DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models_. 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\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}