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To date, the relationship between secondary plant provisioning and the parent's blood parasites remains unexplored. We investigated whether the presence of secondary plants in nests during different reproductive stages (before incubation, during incubation and nestling period) was associated with the presence of nest-dwelling ectoparasites and females\u2019 blood-parasite infections in blue tits (<jats:italic>Cyanistes caeruleus<\/jats:italic>) during chick rearing. In this species, females are highly exposed to parasites, particularly at the beginning of the breeding season, since they build the nest and incubate alone. They also brood the nestlings while the male assists with provisioning. We found that females that provided fewer plants before incubation were more likely to be infected by <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>. Specifically, Females that did not provide <jats:italic>Achillea<\/jats:italic> herbs before incubation were more likely to be infected by both <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>, reinforcing the \u2018nest protection\u2019 hypothesis. Thus, secondary plants may create an early environment that masks the odour of hosts or repels vectors. Surprisingly, the presence of <jats:italic>Lavandula<\/jats:italic> during the nestling period was positively related to <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic> infection. Given its fastest development among haemosporidians, we speculate that <jats:italic>Lavandula<\/jats:italic> herbs are provided by females to reduce mother-to-offspring transmission or as a self-medication strategy. Finally, the number of plant fragments provided before incubation was negatively associated with the number of (<jats:italic>Protocalliphora azurea<\/jats:italic>) larvae, whereas there were no associations with the presence of mites (<jats:italic>Dermanyssus gallinoides<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182024000775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T10:13:18Z","timestamp":1731406398000},"page":"1126-1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nest secondary plants and their associations with haemosporidian blood parasites in blue tit females"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"151","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garc\u00eda-Campa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Braojos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref2","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of milfoil (Achillea santolina). a review","volume":"5","author":"Al-Snafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of PharmTech Research"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00160-14"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0256"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379183"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3356\/JRR-18-56"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198507529.001.0001"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738161"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383512"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/art015"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3184\/175815513X13615363233558"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01214.x"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01651244"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2359-5"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.021"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2012.02.003"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939000770691"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/11-102.1"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.07.005"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1178"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384280"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref39","first-page":"469","article-title":"Sprig delivery by broad-winged Hawks","volume":"98","author":"Lyons","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1418-6"},{"key":"S0031182024000775_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of the constituents of Achillea santolina essential oil and evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of its extract and essential oil. 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