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In some cases, these ancient parasites can also provide evidence for long distance travel or migration of people in the past. Three sediment samples from a 15th\u201316th c. CE latrine from the Spanish nation house in Bruges, Belgium were analysed for preserved helminth eggs using microscopy. Bruges was a major trading centre in medieval Europe, thus it was home to a large merchant population with extensive trading networks. Paleoparasitological analysis revealed a preserved parasite egg from <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>, which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke and <jats:italic>Taenia<\/jats:italic> tapeworm eggs were also found in the latrine which is consistent with parasites previously found in the local population in the medieval period. These new data provide direct evidence for the movement of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> outside of its endemic area. Today the vast majority of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, with additional endemic areas in the Arabian peninsula and South America. The introduction of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> into South America is proposed to have occurred relatively recently in human history, as the result of forced movement of people from Africa to the Americas with the Atlantic slave trade. Thus, this infection may have occurred in a merchant who acquired the parasite during trade voyages to Africa or in an individual living in Africa who migrated to Bruges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182024001100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T07:00:57Z","timestamp":1733468457000},"page":"1281-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Paleoparasitological analysis of a 15th\u201316th c. 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