{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:08:18Z","timestamp":1781665698155,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Galapagos sea lion (\n                    <jats:italic>Zalophus wollebaeki<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is an endemic and endangered species that plays a vital role in the ecosystem dynamics of the archipelago. In recent decades, they have faced a significant population decline, related to the effects of climate variability and anthropogenic influences. Thus, the co-occurrence of sea lion resting areas with mosquito breeding sites and the presence of free-roaming domestic dogs present significant health risks related to parasite transmission. This research demonstrates the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (canine heartworm) in\n                    <jats:italic>Z. wollebaeki<\/jats:italic>\n                    , indicating their possible function as a definitive host for this parasite. Blood samples collected in August 2023 from 50 individuals (juveniles and adults) in 2 rookeries of San Crist\u00f3bal Island, revealed a 2% prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in juvenile females, as confirmed by Knott\u2019s test and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results of this work emphasize the critical necessity for effective monitoring and conservation strategies to address the threat posed by\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and to safeguard this endangered species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T19:12:06Z","timestamp":1752174726000},"page":"932-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patent\n                    <i>Dirofilaria immitis<\/i>\n                    infection in Galapagos sea lion rookeries in San Crist\u00f3bal Island"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla A.","family":"Culda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rommel Lenin","family":"Vinueza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Riofr\u00edo-Lazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"P\u00e1ez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito"},{"name":"Galapagos Conservancy Inc"},{"name":"Unidad T\u00e9cnica Operativa San Crist\u00f3bal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6076-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei Daniel","family":"Mihalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12292"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref20","first-page":"92","article-title":"A harbor seal infection with Dirofilaria","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Clinics"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02769-2_3"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06638-y"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref1","volume-title":"The Accidental Ecosystem: people and Wildlife in American Cities","author":"Alagona","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(39)90101-X"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685306-12341278"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-05-092"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.201"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/17-187"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.01.006"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70596"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88350-0"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref16","first-page":"100373","article-title":"Canine vector-borne disease in domestic dogs on Isla Santa Cruz, Gal\u00e1pagos","volume":"19","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166223"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.013"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref3","unstructured":"American Heartworm Society (2014) Current feline guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in cats."},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20094301"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06592-z"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274849"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107528"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref21","volume-title":"Seals of the World","author":"King","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233657"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814112-0.00005-2"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111287"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16047"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2002)033[0367:LSCCIA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lingual squamous cell carcinoma in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus","volume":"33","author":"Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168829"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2019.20.e65"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3835-7"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref29","volume-title":"Tropical Pinnipeds, Bio-Ecology, Threats and Conservation","author":"P\u00e1ez-Rosas","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.11.016"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2024.1351707"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-48"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2521-7"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref33","volume-title":"Endangered Species-Present Status","author":"Riofr\u00edo-Lazo","year":"2023"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1154625"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59184-7_30"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00081"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00119"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2073-0"},{"key":"S0031182025100425_ref7","unstructured":"Barnett, BD (1985) Dogs of the Galapagos Islands: Evolution, Ecology, Impact and Control (feral, Galapagos, dogs). PhD Thesis. University of California, Davis."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182025100425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T11:12:33Z","timestamp":1763118753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182025100425\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182025100425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182025100425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}