{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:29:42Z","timestamp":1783481382033,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes bovine trichomonosis, a venereal disease that reduces productivity in naturally mated cattle. Its high prevalence in Northern Australian herds underscores the need for a locally made strain-specific vaccine. This study developed and tested a whole-cell killed\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine using the Queensland isolate TfOz5 (vaccine strain) and TfOz-N36 (Northern Territory isolate) as the challenge strain. The heat-inactivated vaccine, adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 61 VG, was administered subcutaneously in 2 doses (5\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u2077 cells\/dose) at a 1-month interval to mature bulls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a06) (4\u20137\u00a0years old), while controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a06) (4\u20138\u00a0years old) received adjuvant with PBS. Bulls were experimentally challenged intrapreputially with live cultures of\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 2- and 6-months post first vaccination. A therapeutic trial with\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive, persistently infected mature bulls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010) (4\u20137\u00a0years old) used the same vaccine regime without the subsequent\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenges. The vaccine was found to be safe, causing only mild local reactions. The vaccine challenge experiment demonstrated similar duration of\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity, confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), compared to controls (94 vs. 106\u00a0days,\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.73). In the therapeutic experiment, 2\/10 treated bulls tested negative for\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the end of the trial, while the remaining eight remained positive. Vaccinated bulls in both experiments showed significantly elevated serum anti-\n                    <jats:italic>T. foetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibody levels, confirming the vaccine\u2019s immunogenicity. These findings demonstrate that the experimental vaccine is safe and capable of eliciting a specific immune response in mature bulls.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T08:46:39Z","timestamp":1755852399000},"page":"1416-1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Proof-of-concept trial in mature bulls prophylactically and therapeutically vaccinated with an experimental whole-cell killed\n                    <i>Tritrichomonas foetus<\/i>\n                    vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Harvey","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of 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The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}