{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:00:18Z","timestamp":1793037618772,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a neglected manifestation of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, affecting an estimated 56 million women in sub-Saharan Africa. It is characterized by lesions in the genital tract, leading to symptoms like pain, infertility and an increased risk of HIV transmission. Despite its prevalence, FGS remains underdiagnosed and underreported due to limited awareness and diagnostic capabilities. Current knowledge emphasizes the need for integrated approaches combining diagnosis, treatment with praziquantel and education. There are ongoing efforts to integrate FGS services into women\u2019s sexual and reproductive services, yet to date many African countries lack programmatic guidance to achieve this. More comprehensive integration and mainstreaming of FGS prevention, control and treatment across various sectors is needed to ensure intersectoral collaboration and financing of programmes. This review examines the various intervention tools currently available to achieve FGS integration in health systems. These include water, sanitation and hygiene improvements, environmental management, health education and inclusion of preschool-aged children in national schistosomiasis control programmes. Highlighted are also the required diagnostic and therapeutic tools, preventive interventions, effective policy and sustainable funding, all integral to achieving comprehensive FGS mainstreaming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:22:28Z","timestamp":1758784948000},"page":"1561-1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mainstreaming female genital schistosomiasis to ensure it is not neglected among the neglected tropical diseases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories"},{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7790-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmi","family":"Hietanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories"},{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories"},{"name":"University of Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.590695"},{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref68","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis","year":"2022a"},{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.05.002"},{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref67","volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldad034"},{"key":"S0031182025100838_ref16","unstructured":"Global Schistosomiasis Alliance (2024) New initiative on FGS | From Neglect to Action: Invest in Women, Invest in Health . 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