{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:16:16Z","timestamp":1790813776137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent zoonotic disease emergences emphasize the importance of studying wildlife parasite communities. As wild hosts frequently harbour diverse parasite species, understanding the drivers of multiple infection patterns in free-ranging hosts is critical for elucidating the ecological and epidemiological dynamics of parasite communities. In this study, we analysed co-infection patterns in European roe deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Capreolus capreolus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) inhabiting a fragmented rural landscape in southwestern France. Using data from 130 samples of GPS-tracked deer, we examined the influence of proximity to livestock, host activity levels, age, sex and between-parasite interactions on the presence of 11 parasitic taxa. Hierarchical modelling of species communities (HMSC) revealed that proximity to livestock significantly increased the likelihood of infection with orofecally transmitted parasites (\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , gastrointestinal parasites). Sex and age were other key predictors, with males and juveniles exhibiting a higher frequency of parasite presence, likely influenced by hormonal and immune system differences. Activity levels showed distinct age-related effects, with higher activity levels being positively associated with increased parasite prevalence in yearlings, but not in adults. In contrast, parasite association patterns within individual hosts were weak, suggesting minimal interactions between parasite species. Our findings highlight the interplay between exposure and susceptibility in shaping co-infection patterns and underscore the value of hierarchical modelling approaches in multi-parasite systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T02:29:49Z","timestamp":1759285789000},"page":"1282-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of host sex, age and behaviour on co-infection patterns in a wild ungulate"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5441-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Berland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bourret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Peroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, VetAgro Sup"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Malandrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, Oniris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Bonsergent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, Oniris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Masseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent-Xavier","family":"Nouvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Lagr\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clotilde","family":"Rouxel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Dimeglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence du Virus de l\u2019h\u00e9patite E"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Izopet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence du Virus de l\u2019h\u00e9patite E"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Ollivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Boulinier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire Parasitologie \u2013 Mycologie P\u00f4le Biologie \u2013 Pathologie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire Parasitologie \u2013 Mycologie P\u00f4le Biologie \u2013 Pathologie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Sluydts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp Evolutionary Ecology Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Le Loc'h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT3, ENVT, INRAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Chaval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Merlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lourtet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0011-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Gilot-Fromont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Verheyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE"},{"name":"LTSER ZA PyGar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182025100899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:47:29Z","timestamp":1770115649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182025100899\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182025100899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182025100899","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}