{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:26:55Z","timestamp":1772749615639,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s endemic areas for urogenital schistosomiasis, male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) can cause significant morbidity. As part of the\n                    <jats:italic>Hybridization in UroGenital Schistosomiasis<\/jats:italic>\n                    investigation, an MGS sub-study examined a cohort of adult men over a calendar year to better ascertain general infection dynamics and putative zoonotic schistosome transmission. During follow-up, demographic, health and socio-economic data were collected through individual questionnaire interviews. Collected urine and semen were analysed using urine filtration, urine and semen microscopy and molecular DNA analyses of semen. Ten participants with reported MGS-associated symptoms had\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs in their urine and semen at 6-month follow-up, with seven at 12\u00a0months. Ten out of 11 participants with\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs on semen microscopy at baseline had persistent infection at 6-month follow-up, together with 6 new participants, giving an MGS prevalence of 84\u00b72% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a019). Two also had\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mattheei<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs co-infection. Four of the 13 participants at 12-month follow-up had\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs in their semen which were persistent at all the time points. Using semen PCR, 14 participants (73\u00b77%) had\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection at 6\u00a0months, with only 2 participants being infected for first time. Upon DNA analysis, three participants also had hybrid co-infection at this time point. At 12\u00a0months, only 6 participants had\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection with no hybrids detected. In summary, like\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and despite praziquantel treatment, both zoonotic and hybrid schistosomes can continue to cause MGS, which pose a further tangible challenge in future management and control measures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:53:13Z","timestamp":1759834393000},"page":"1446-1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A longitudinal study of men with male genital schistosomiasis in southern Malawi associated with human, zoonotic and hybrid schistosomes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Bright","family":"Mainga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Mangochi District Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sekeleghe","family":"Kayuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Oral Health, Mahatma Gandhi Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilleary","family":"Deles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Joseph","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingase","family":"Kumwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lally Jnr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Chammudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donales","family":"Kapira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Namacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Chisale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Nchembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Kinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Chibwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bazwell","family":"Nkhalema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Chapweteka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nsanje District Hospital, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Chibowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mangochi District Hospital, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Kumfunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mangochi District Hospital, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Juhasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angus M","family":"O'Ferrall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rollason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Cawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2673-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Cowlishaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nguluwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chiphwanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Luhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holystone","family":"Kafanikhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Makaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9261-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. James","family":"La Course","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mangochi District Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janelisa","family":"Musaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Campus"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Oral Health, Mahatma Gandhi Campus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, CTID Building"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009313"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02814-9"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)51898-4"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1350680"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref31","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30129-7"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40756-8"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04856-4"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001396"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17338"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2018.e00077"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref28","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted and Other Reproductive Tract Infections: a Guide to Essential Practice","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.590695"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09732-z"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref30","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Symptomatic Sexually Transmitted Infections. 9789240024168","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref29","volume-title":"Female Genital Schistosomiasis: a Pocket Atlas for Clinical Health-care Professionals","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008201"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000756"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.635869"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx199"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An update on female and male genital schistosomiasis and a call to integrate efforts to escalate diagnosis, treatment and awareness in endemic and non-endemic settings: The time is now","volume":"115","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.12.008"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100918"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.05.003"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.190020"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu527"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03042"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100761"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000969"},{"key":"S0031182025100942_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581304"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182025100942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:36:20Z","timestamp":1772706980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182025100942\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182025100942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182025100942","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}