{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:04:09Z","timestamp":1777363449100,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Giardiasis is the most common enteric protozoan infection notifiable in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Surveillance by NSW Health had shown a steady increase (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic) in the number of cases reported since 2012 and the reasons for this currently remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    assemblages causing human infection in NSW. Individual faecal specimens were collected from participating hospitals and private laboratories, and the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and co-infections was confirmed by real-time multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triose phosphate isomerase (\n                    <jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene and the small subunit rDNA. Combined genotyping showed that most samples belong to assemblage B, and only a small percentage were infected with only assemblage A. Mixtures of assemblages A and B in individuals were relatively common. Co-infections were observed in\u00a0\u223c\u00a0half of the cases, with the most common co-infection being\n                    <jats:italic>Blastocystis hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Dientamoeba fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Although giardiasis was more prevalent in males, the assemblage distribution between the sexes appeared uniform. The age distribution was bimodal, with peaks in 0\u201315-year-olds and in adults in their 30s. The overall largest number of cases was collected from patients aged 30\u201349\u00a0years. Interestingly, females aged 5 years old and under had a greater risk of assemblage B infection than their male counterparts. No significant correlation was found between assemblage and clinical symptoms. This study provides new insights into the molecular diversity of giardiasis in NSW and helps inform enhanced surveillance and prevention strategies in Sydney.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025100991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T06:27:53Z","timestamp":1761287273000},"page":"43-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotyping and distribution of\n                    <i>Giardia intestinalis<\/i>\n                    assemblages in NSW, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Zajaczkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICPMR, Westmead Hospital"},{"name":"The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abela","family":"Mahimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wehrhahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South-Western Sydney Local Health District"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Fletcher-Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South-Western Sydney Local Health District"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182025100991_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036"},{"key":"S0031182025100991_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7171\/jbt.12-2303-004"},{"key":"S0031182025100991_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.08.003"},{"key":"S0031182025100991_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2033-5"},{"key":"S0031182025100991_ref15","article-title":"Child Care in Australia report Financial year 2018-19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Care Package. 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NSW Ministry of Health . (https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/Infectious\/Pages\/data.aspx). 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Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}