{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:43:22Z","timestamp":1773099802129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Theileria parva<\/jats:italic>\n , a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of East Coast fever (ECF), an economically important disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. The Muguga cocktail vaccine which comprises 3\n T. parva<\/jats:italic>\n strains, namely Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed, is used for immunization of cattle to control ECF. However, the relative contributions of these\n T. parva<\/jats:italic>\n strains to vaccine efficacy are not fully understood. This study compared the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n infectivity of the strains at varying concentrations of 2.75, 84.5, and 169 infected acini\/ml using peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from a bovine donor. The presence of Schizonts in cytospin smears was used to determine infectivity rates. The results indicated significant differences in the overall infectivity among the 3 strains at the concentrations 2.75 and 84.5 infected acini\/mL but not at 169 infected acini\/mL (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05). These results suggest that infectivity potential reduces as the concentration increases. This was also supported by the observation that contamination increased at higher concentrations, complicating visualization and analysis. The findings reinforce the need to support the balanced composition of the Muguga cocktail vaccine to ensure broad-spectrum protection against ECF. This study emphasizes maintaining strain proportions in vaccine formulations. Future research should focus on advanced molecular techniques to refine infectivity assessments and explore strain-specific immune responses\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , contributing to optimized vaccine efficacy and sustainable control of ECF in endemic countries.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182025101443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T07:21:44Z","timestamp":1766128904000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the\n in vitro<\/i>\n infectivity of different strains of\n Theileria parva<\/i>\n in the Muguga cocktail vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"given":"Wanangwa","family":"Mhonjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Union Centre of Excellence for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (AUCTTBD)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekta","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henson","family":"Kainga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thoko","family":"Kapalamula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University"},{"name":"Veterinary Research Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyouko","family":"Hayashida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisha","family":"Chatanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200400513X"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111318"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004323"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020295"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.751671"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v73i3.147"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.11.006"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12388"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.11.005"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.006"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13348"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1460-x"},{"key":"S0031182025101443_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00630-6"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182025101443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T13:03:59Z","timestamp":1773061439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182025101443\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["S0031182025101443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182025101443","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}