{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:20:13Z","timestamp":1791832813294,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study examines the relationship between parasitic infections and agricultural innovations in China during the Song dynasty (960\u20131279 CE), particularly how the widespread use of night soil (human excrement) as fertilizer affected public health. The introduction of Champa rice and the expansion of double cropping systems substantially increased agricultural productivity and supported population growth but also intensified human\u2013environment interactions that facilitated parasite transmission. The night soil was routinely transported from urban to rural areas to improve soil fertility and crop production, but its untreated application facilitated the local and regional spread of intestinal parasites. Analysis of Song dynasty historical records, including \u592a\u5e73\u5723\u60e0\u65b9 (\n                    <jats:italic>Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescriptions<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), \u8bc1\u7c7b\u672c\u8349 (\n                    <jats:italic>Classified Herbal Medicine<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), \u9648\u5c03\u519c\u4e66 (\n                    <jats:italic>Chen Fu\u2019s Agricultural Book<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), reveals a well-developed body of pharmacological knowledge regarding parasitic infections, suggesting that they were a significant health concern. Together with archaeoparasitological findings, this study identifies intestinal parasites \u2013 including\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Clonorchis sinensis, Enterobius vermicularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Taenia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. \u2013 as likely to be prevalent during the Song dynasty. Moreover, variations in food consumption, agricultural practices and sanitation systems contributed to distinct regional patterns of parasitic infections. By integrating archaeological data with historical sources, this study demonstrates how agricultural intensification and urban development during the Song dynasty created environmental conditions conducive to pathogen survival, advancing our understanding of the health costs brought by agricultural expansion in ancient China.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182026101784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:07:47Z","timestamp":1772435267000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Night soil fertilizer use and parasitic infections in ancient China: a preliminary study of agricultural practices, economic factors and disease ecology in the Song dynasty"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthea Yu Xuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Kien Yee","family":"Yapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore University of Social Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Yuan","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref3","unstructured":"Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2016) Clinical guidelines for pediatric helminthiasis (revised). Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Available at https:\/\/www.cacm.org.cn\/zhzyyxh\/bzhsj\/201608\/1b34a128b0e840f3a0a0750c76896589\/files\/ff73ff02f5564cea9d445ae374af9fee.pdf (in Chinese). accessed 20 January 2026."},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref26","volume-title":"\u5723\u6d4e\u603b\u5f55 [Comprehensive Medical Records of Sagely Benevolence]","author":"Zhao","year":"1125\/2018"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref19","unstructured":"Wang, HY (1992) \u592a\u5e73\u5723\u60e0\u65b9 [Peaceful Holy Benevolent Prescriptions]. Chinese Text Project. Available at https:\/\/ctext.org\/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=682523&remap=gb (in Chinese). accessed 20 January 2026."},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref10","volume-title":"\u6731\u5b50\u8bed\u7c7b [Collected Sayings of Zhu Xi]","author":"Li","year":"1270\/1986"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.5.565"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref1","unstructured":"Chen, F (ca. 1149) \u9648\u5c03\u519c\u4e66 [Chen Fu\u2019s Agricultural Book]. Chinese Text Project. 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Available at https:\/\/ctext.org\/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=435587&remap=gb (in Chinese). accessed 20 January 2026."},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2019.03.004"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511732386"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref15","volume-title":"Introduction to Syndemics: A Systems Approach to Public Health and Community Health","author":"Singer","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref25","first-page":"82","article-title":"\u4ece\u300a\u9f50\u6c11\u8981\u672f\u300b\u7b49\u53f2\u7c4d\u770b\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u80a5\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u519c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u542f\u793a [Insights into the ancient Chinese science of fertilization based on Qimin Yaoshu and other historical texts and its implications for agricultural development]","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"\u519c\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5 [Journal of Agronomy]"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref13","volume-title":"Science and Civilisation in China","volume":"5","author":"Needham","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref18","volume-title":"Medicine in China: A History of Ideas","author":"Unschuld","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref11","volume-title":"\u4e1c\u4eac\u68a6\u534e\u5f55 [Dreams of Splendour of the Eastern Capital]","author":"Meng","year":"1126\/1981"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref2","unstructured":"Cheng, M (ca. 1212) \u6d1b\u6c34\u96c6\u00b7\u5bcc\u9633\u529d\u519c [The Luoshui Collection: Encouraging Agriculture in Fuyang]. Wikisource. Available at https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E6%B4%BA%E6%B0%B4%E9%9B%86_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)\/%E5%85%A8%E8%A6%BD (in Chinese). accessed 20 January 2026."},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref4","first-page":"55","article-title":"\u5b8b\u4ee3\u4ee5\u964d\u519c\u6c11\u5bf9\u80a5\u6599\u7684\u83b7\u53d6 [Peasants\u2019 acquisition of fertilizers since the Song dynasty]","volume":"2","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"\u53f2\u6797 [History]"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref16","volume-title":"A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health","author":"Solar","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0031182026101784_ref21","first-page":"758","article-title":"Early evidence for travel with infectious diseases along the Silk Road: Intestinal parasites from 2000 year-old personal hygiene sticks in a latrine at Xuanquanzhi Relay Station in China","volume":"9","author":"Yeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182026101784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:54:00Z","timestamp":1784271240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182026101784\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S0031182026101784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182026101784","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}