{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:16:08Z","timestamp":1785406568722,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Moose are significant ecological, economical and cultural animals for the stakeholders of Alaska, USA. Thus, the impact of pathogens, like filarial nematodes, is a critical area of moose research. These vector-borne parasites, including\n                    <jats:italic>Setaria yehi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Rumenfilaria andersoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , can lead to severe health consequences (e.g., peritonitis). However, little is known about filarial nematode distribution, diversity and its associated life cycle with Alaskan moose hosts. Newly developed next-generation sequencing techniques offer the ability to efficiently screen multiple species of co-infecting filarial nematodes in a single sample and thus improve our ability to monitor and understand these parasites. Blood collected from wild moose in the Kenai Peninsula, AK, was screened using deep amplicon sequencing (DAS) with filarial nematode primers targeting the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. In addition, samples subjected to DAS were also screened using the Modified Knott\u2019s Test (MKT).\n                    <jats:italic>Setaria yehi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. andersoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    were detected by both diagnostic methods. Overall, 190 moose samples were tested via DAS, with filarioid DNA being detected in 51.58% (98\/190) of these. Out of a subset of 138 samples, filarioid nematodes were found in 50.72% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a070) and 57.25% (79\/138) via DAS and MKT, respectively. However, 18 (13.04%) co-infections were detected by DAS compared to 12 (8.70%) identified via MKT. A DAS molecular tool for surveillance has several advantages when paired with host blood collection metadata (i.e., years, season, region, host age) to better understand filarial nematode life cycle and ecology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182026101991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:11:28Z","timestamp":1776676288000},"page":"813-822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In cold blood: screening wild Alaskan moose (\n                    <i>Alces alces gigas<\/i>\n                    ) for filarial nematode (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) infections using a deep-amplicon sequencing approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Kulpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0034eay46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rh7vj17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rh7vj17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032xegc37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe L.","family":"Luksovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0034eay46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Blazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f5ytq51","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University, College Station"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6787-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John S.","family":"Gilleard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yjb2x39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme G.","family":"Verocai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0034eay46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas A&M University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-3"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2024.1433485"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.171.09.933"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801874161"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04990-1"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/np.2006.100203"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.071119"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398457-9.00002-0"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.016"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref19","first-page":"100811","article-title":"An unusual case of Brugia sp. infection in a dog from Alberta, Canada","volume":"37","author":"Kulpa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110355"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref10","unstructured":"Grunenwald, CM (2015) Epidemiology of select species of filarial nematodes in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) of North America. PhD Thesis, Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee."},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0835-0"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.10.006"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278886"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0308-z"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1965403285"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-9.3.213"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref46","first-page":"85","article-title":"Moose: Competing and complementary values","volume":"41","author":"Timmermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref39","volume-title":"Game transplants in Alaska","author":"Paul","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1184-0"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03159-3"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.24.835"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref18","unstructured":"Kulpa, M , Benedict, B , Crouse, J , Thompson, D , Ramos, R , Sanders, T , Barboza, P and Verocai, G (2024) Waiting in the wings: How recent arthropod sampling alters our understanding of vector-parasite assemblages of the northern Nearctic. In: American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Conference (69th Meeting). Atlanta, Georgia: AAVP."},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref44","first-page":"101030","article-title":"Widespread geographic distribution of filarioid nematodes in caribou (Rangifer tarandus sspp.) in Canada","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004233"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Moose: Yesterday, today and tomorrow","volume":"101","author":"Peterson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Naturaliste Canadien"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref49","first-page":"119","article-title":"A Nearctic parasite in a Palearctic host: Parelaphostrongylus andersoni (Nematoda; Protostrongylidae) infecting semi-domesticated reindeer in Alaska","volume":"2","author":"Verocai","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2023-0158"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8603"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Hirvikannan tila ja hirvitutkimusten vaihe Lapissa. Riistantutkimusosaston tiedote","volume":"104","author":"Nygren","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bulletin of Finnish Game and Fisheries Institute"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.1.53"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1740-x"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref23","volume-title":"Unpublished Observations from the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board, 2025","author":"Kutz","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00566961"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-242"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2008.01951.x"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1996.34.3.207"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.29.667378"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/2987-VETMED"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref26","unstructured":"Laaksonen, S (2010) Setaria tundra, an emerging parasite of reindeer, and an outbreak it caused in Finland in 2003-2006. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Turku, Finland."},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2006.01.002"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref35","first-page":"311","article-title":"The pathology of filarial infections","volume":"35","author":"Nelson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Helminthological Abstracts"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-313"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref6","first-page":"467","article-title":"Moose and ecosystem management in the 21st Century-does the King have a place? A Canadian perspective","volume":"34","author":"Crichton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alces"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref25","first-page":"198","article-title":"A walk on the tundra: Host\u2013parasite interactions in an extreme environment","volume":"3","author":"Kutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470377000.ch12"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00112"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00141-7"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref47","first-page":"100990","article-title":"Validation of a species-specific probe-based qPCR for detection of Setaria yehi (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)","volume":"25","author":"Verocai","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00687-8"},{"key":"S0031182026101991_ref3","first-page":"105","article-title":"Studies on Setaria cervi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) Part II. Its peritoneal transplant and periodicity of the microfilariae in white rats","volume":"24","author":"Ansari","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Parasitenkunde"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182026101991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:05:53Z","timestamp":1784271953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182026101991\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182026101991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182026101991","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}