{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:28:53Z","timestamp":1793683733398,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/tdm\/tdmrep-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 2010, intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, was first confirmed within semi-captive chimpanzees (\n                    <jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) on Ngamba Island, Lake Victoria. Since then, and despite repeated praziquantel treatments, there is ongoing evidence of reinfection. Conducting a comprehensive contemporary appraisal, we implemented a multi-modal diagnostic approach combining coprological, urine antigen-based and semi-invasive parasitological assays, augmented by standardized hepatic ultrasonography. We reassessed 49 chimpanzees to reveal persistent infections (urine-antigen prevalence was 36.7% although fecal egg-patency was 4.1%), often with progressive schistosomiasis-associated hepatic morbidity, noting overt pipe-stem fibrosis in certain animals. Molecular DNA analyses of retrieved schistosome eggs and larvae confirmed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 provided a snapshot of current schistosome genetic diversity. Three previously identified haplotypes were recovered alongside 2 additional haplotypes newly detected locally. These latter haplotypes, likely having a Kenyan ancestry, were suspected to have been introduced recently. We draw attention to the limitations of chemotherapy-only control and highlight future needs to gain better environmental control within this lakeshore sanctuary setting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118202610242x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:12:01Z","timestamp":1783318321000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent intestinal schistosomiasis and progressive liver fibrosis in semi-captive chimpanzees: a 12-year epidemiological follow-up in Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Lake Victoria, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Juh\u00e1sz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03svjbs84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas J.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Rukundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary \/ Chimpanzee Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Mukungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary \/ Chimpanzee Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Mpooya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hy3gq97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Rugigana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Besigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9261-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. James","family":"LaCourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref12","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0543-7"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.007"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000571"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.11.007"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref13","first-page":"555","article-title":"Evaluation of direct and indirect methods in diagnosis of chronic intestinal schistosomiasis in Menoufia Governorate","volume":"23","author":"Khalil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.001"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3941-6"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0446"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.05.007"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000041"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761987000800008"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2024.2400033","article-title":"Hepatic schistosomiasis as a determining factor in the development of hepatic granulomas and liver fibrosis: A review of the current literature","volume":"118","author":"Lara-Cano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens and Global Health"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0788"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.00994.x"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0156"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012001576"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.1068"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490"},{"key":"S003118202610242X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-107359","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of schistosomiasis. 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Published by Cambridge University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}