{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1762078169061},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]],"date-time":"1998-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":891388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In North Cameroon, the vector of <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> (causative\n \nagent of human onchocerciasis) also transmits 2 filariae \nof animals: <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic> from cattle and <jats:italic>O. ramachandrini<\/jats:italic>\n from \nwart hogs. In order to assess the qualitative and quantitative \nroles of these \u2018animal filariae\u2019 in the epidemiology of \n<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>, the transmission of the 3 parasites was measured\n in 2 \nvillages and related to the endemicity of human onchocerciasis. In Galim,\n a \ncattle-farming Guinea savanna village where \nwild animals are rare, the overwhelming majority of all filarial infections\n \nfound in the <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.l. vectors \nthroughout the year were <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic> (89%). The remaining infections\n \nwere mainly <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> (10\u00b75%), and a few <jats:italic>O. \nramachandrini<\/jats:italic> (0\u00b75%). In Karna, a crop-farming Sudan savanna\n \nvillage where cattle are rare, but wild animals common, \nflies were also more frequently infected with animal filariae than with\n \nthe human parasite. In the dry season, when nomadic \ncattle are present, 54% of all infections were <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>, \n36% <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> and 10% <jats:italic>O. ramachindrini<\/jats:italic>. In the rainy\n season, \nwhen the cattle move away, flies were mainly infected with <jats:italic>O. \nramachandrini<\/jats:italic> (52% of all infections) and secondly with \n<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> (48%). In Karna, the relationship between the Annual\n \nTransmission Potential (ATP) of <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> and its \nprevalence in the human population conformed to other onchocerciasis foci,\n \nin that a moderate ATP led to hyperendemic \nonchocerciasis. In Galim, however, a 7-fold higher <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>-ATP\n \n(caused by a very high biting rate of the flies) \ncontrasted with a strikingly low endemicity of onchocerciasis. Since, at\n the \nsame time, in Galim the transmission of <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic> (measured on\n \nman) was very high (15000 L3\/fly collector\/year), we hypothesize\n \nthat the reduced endemicity of onchocerciasis in Galim is due to \n\u2018natural heterologous vaccination\u2019 by the large annual number\n of \n<jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>-L3, inoculated into man by anthropo-boophilic \n<jats:italic>S. damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.l. The importance of micro-epidemiology for the\n understanding \nof the interlinkage of human and animal onchocerciasis is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118209700228x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1027776622000},"page":"349-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["<i>Onchocerca ochengi<\/i>: epidemiological evidence of cross-protection\n against \n<i>Onchocerca volvulus<\/i> in man"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"WAHL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"ENYONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"NGOSSO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"SCHIBEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"MOYOU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"TUBBESING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"EKALE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"RENZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003118209700228X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T18:59:51Z","timestamp":1554577191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003118209700228X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S003118209700228X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118209700228x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,4]]}}}