{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:58:21Z","timestamp":1777503501465,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout the past decade much research has been directed towards identifying the occurrence, epidemiology, and risks \nassociated with waterborne protozoa. While outbreaks are continually documented, sporadic cases of disease associated \nwith exposure to low levels of waterborne protozoa are of increasing concern. Current methodologies may not be sensitive \nenough to define these low levels of disease. However, risk assessment methods may be utilised to address these low level \ncontamination events. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to microbial risk assessment for waterborne \nprotozoa. Risk assessment is a useful tool for evaluating relative risks and can be used for development of policies to \ndecrease risks. Numerous studies have been published on risk assessment methods for pathogenic protozoa including \n<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>. One common notion prevails: microbial risk assessment presents interesting complications \nto the traditional chemical risk assessment paradigm. Single microbial exposures (non-threshold) are capable of causing \nsymptomatic illness unlike traditional chemical exposures, which require a threshold to be reached. Due to the lack of \nefficient recovery and detection methods for protozoa, we may be underestimating the occurrence, concentration and \ndistribution of these pathogenic micro-organisms. To better utilize the tool of microbial risk assessment for risk \nmanagement practices, future research should focus in the area of exposure assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182099004746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1027776622000},"page":"205-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Risk assessment of waterborne protozoa: current status \nand future trends"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"GIBSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. N.","family":"HAAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"ROSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]]},"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182099004746","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T20:04:35Z","timestamp":1557432275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182099004746\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182099004746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182099004746","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}