{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T21:51:35Z","timestamp":1782251495511,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Isospora belli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cyclospora cayetanensis<\/jats:italic> as well as several species of microsporidia are recognized as emerging protozoan \npathogens of humans. All are obligate intracellular parasites, with <jats:italic>Isospora<\/jats:italic> and the microsporidia being primarily \nassociated with immunocompromised hosts. <jats:italic>Cyclospora<\/jats:italic> is a cause of traveller's diarrhoea, and is responsible for water-borne and food-borne outbreaks of disease. Drug treatment is available for these infections. Improved diagnostic methods \nincluding the autofluorescence of <jats:italic>I. belli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. cayetanensis<\/jats:italic> oocysts have assisted in the routine detection of these \npathogens. Since the recognition of immunosuppression due to HIV infection, microsporidia have become recognized as \nimportant human pathogens with a continuing expansion of the parasite-associated clinico-pathological spectrum. The \nsmall size, intracellular nature and poor staining properties with many histological stains result in under-reporting of \nmicrosporidial infections. Trichrome stain and optical brighteners are used to detect spores in faeces, urines, respiratory \nsecretions and other aspirates. Electron microscopy remains an important diagnostic method but its sensitivity is relatively \npoor. Molecular techniques should overcome current diagnostic limitations. The ability to extract DNA and amplify by \nPCR directly from clinical samples has increased the usefulness of molecular methods. Restriction fragment length \npolymorphism analysis of amplicons can be used to determine genus, species and strain types of various microsporidia. \nIncreased specificity is required in primer design because current primers used for amplifying non-microsporidian DNA \nalso amplify microsporidian DNA. Diagnosis and pathogen characterisation rely increasingly on PCR-based approaches, \nand the sequence analysis approach becomes increasingly feasible and affordable. However, robust, reliable and sensitive \nmethods are still required for dissecting pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission routes and sources of infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182099004904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:30:22Z","timestamp":1027776622000},"page":"143-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Emerging pathogens: <i>Isospora<\/i>, <i>Cyclospora<\/i> and microsporidia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"CURRY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. V.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]]},"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182099004904","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T20:04:33Z","timestamp":1557432273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182099004904\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182099004904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182099004904","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}