{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T02:16:22Z","timestamp":1697508982250},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis caused by the parasitic nematode, <jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>, is a chronic human disease immunologically \ncharacterized by stimulation of Th2 cells and reduced antigen-specific T cell responses. Single stage intra-peritoneal \ninfections with infective larvae (L3) or adult nematodes induce Th2 cells, while the microfilarial stage (Mf) stimulates \nIFN-\u03b3 and Mf-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgM, but not IgE. To investigate whether IFN-\u03b3 is elicited by \nlive Mf in their natural site of infection, mice were infected intravenously. Intravenous infection had a striking effect on \nthe response to Mf and high levels of IgE were induced even in the presence of IFN-\u03b3. Indeed IgE levels to Mf increased \nmarkedly with the number of immunizations, higher doses of Mf and prolonged exposure to Mf suggesting that under \nconditions of chronic antigen exposure, typical of human disease, Mf will stimulate high levels of IgE. The ability of Mf-induced \nIFN-\u03b3 to modulate or regulate a pre-existing Th2 response, was investigated by infecting mice initially with adult \nmale worms to induce a Th2 response, followed 14 days later by infection with Mf. Although Mf stimulated IFN-\u03b3 in \nthe presence of male adults, the antibody isotypes elicited did not reflect IFN-\u03b3 induction and IgG1and IgE dominated \nthe response. Although it cannot be discounted that IFN-\u03b3 induction by Mf may act locally as an inflammatory mediator \nor modulator of Th2 cells, these data suggest that Mf-stimulated IFN-\u03b3 does not have a profound effect overall on \nprogression of the Th2-dominated immune response to filarial infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118209900596x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:30:22Z","timestamp":1027762222000},"page":"631-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Requirements for <i>in vivo<\/i> IFN-\u03b3 induction by live \nmicrofilariae of the parasitic nematode, <i>Brugia malayi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"R. A.","family":"LAWRENCE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"ALLEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"GRAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003118209900596X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T15:59:52Z","timestamp":1554739192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003118209900596X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S003118209900596X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118209900596x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}}}