{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:33:26Z","timestamp":1761957206963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4756,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fasting plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and the pteridines, neopterin and tetrahydrobiopterin were measured in seven patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and 10 healthy controls. Plasma kynurenine was significantly elevated in the GTS patients. The lowest patient value was higher than the highest control value. Values for tryptophan, neopterin and tetrahydrobiopterin were similar in TS patients and controls. However, in TS patients only, there was a significant negative correlation between tryptophan and neopterin and a significant positive correlation between kynurenine and neopterin when controlling for tryptophan. This finding indicates that activation of cellular immune processes is a possible explanation for the rise in plasma kynurenine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700037880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T13:36:48Z","timestamp":1247146608000},"page":"857-862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Increased plasma kynurenine and its relationship to neopterin and tryptophan in Tourette's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Rickards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Farrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Handley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2300635"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref028","unstructured":"Wurtman R. J. (1979). When- and why- should nutritional state control neurotransmitter synthesis? Journal of Neural Transmission Suppl. 15, 69\u201379."},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426632"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm3.1987.368.2.1407"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110852783"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5952-4_40"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.950"},{"volume-title":"Statistical Package for Social Sciences","year":"1992","key":"S0033291700037880_ref018"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref016","first-page":"207","article-title":"SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Riddle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0530379"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431959"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref002","first-page":"437","article-title":"Exclusion of the 5HT1A serotonin neuroreceptor and tryptophan oxygenase in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Brett","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730300031006"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320360410"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0210077"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0210083"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2560537"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref015","first-page":"83","article-title":"Plasma kynurenine levels and the dexamethasone suppression test in patients with endogenous anxiety disorders and depression (Russian)","volume":"90","author":"Orlikov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S-S-Korsakova"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2620861"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)97652-0","article-title":"The roles of synthesis and degradation in the control of liver tryptophan pyrrolase","volume":"240","author":"Schimke","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref009","first-page":"235","article-title":"Serotonin and Tourette's syndrome: movements such as head-shakes and wet-dog-shakes may model human tics","volume":"85","author":"Handley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Biosciences"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431641"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.5.698"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(75)90163-1"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.04200040070012"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5952-4_33"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700041994"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.5.593"},{"key":"S0033291700037880_ref008","first-page":"145","article-title":"Basal ganglia peptidergic staining in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Haber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291700037880","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T09:13:58Z","timestamp":1633684438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291700037880\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291700037880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291700037880","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0033-2917"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8978"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}}}