{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T02:43:06Z","timestamp":1768272186972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1247097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6186,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychiatrists used a semi-structured Standardized Psychiatric Examination method to examine 810 adults drawn from a probability sample of eastern Baltimore residents in 1981. Of the population, 5\u00b79% was found to be significantly depressed. DSM-III major depression (MD) had a prevalence of 1\u00b71% and \u2018non-major depression\u2019 (nMD), our collective term for the other depressive disorder categories in DSM-III, had a prevalence of 3\u00b74%. The two types of depression differed by sex ratio, age-specific prevalence, symptom severity, symptom profiles, and family history of suicide. Analyses using a multiple logistic regression model discerned that both types of depression were influenced by adverse life events, and that nMD was influenced strongly by gender, marital status, and lack of employment outside the home. Neither type of depression was influenced by income, education, or race. This study validates the concept of major depression as a clinical entity. Future studies of the aetiology, mechanism, and treatment of depression should distinguish between these two types of depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700038095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T10:11:50Z","timestamp":1247134310000},"page":"629-655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The epidemiology of psychiatrist-ascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders Results from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey Clinical"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"Romanoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. F.","family":"Folstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Chahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. M.","family":"Gruenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700005031"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.9.1036","article-title":"Current medication use and symptoms of depression in a general population","volume":"135","author":"Craig","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.155.1.48"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref042","volume-title":"Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry","author":"Eaton","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582753"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02124.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.142.3.247"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700004499"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800200053008"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800050033004"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300013002"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3002000"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.2.169"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326289a0"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378803300514"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref004","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref003","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210024004"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800200013003"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583932"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref037","first-page":"B28","article-title":"The new genetics of bipolar affective disorder","volume":"35","author":"DePaulo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700056452"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300083009"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref039","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Normal Aging: Reports from the Duke Longitudinal Study","author":"Dovenmuehle","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700052879"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.1.11","article-title":"Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes","volume":"140","author":"Akiskal","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref113","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Community Surveys of Psychiatric Disorders","author":"Wing","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740240113014"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800100013003"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.120.554.71"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref022","unstructured":"Bremer J. (1951). A social psychiatric investigation of a small community in northern Norway. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum LXII (62)."},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582773"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300019003"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700014264"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref097","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen A. & Str\u00f6mgren E. (1961). Frequency of depressive states within geographically delimited population groups: prevalence (the Samso Investigation). Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum CLXII (162)."},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.4.439","article-title":"Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population: use of a new procedure for analysis of psychiatric classification","volume":"137","author":"Blazer","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref120","volume-title":"Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to Their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref015","volume-title":"Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice","author":"Bishop","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb04517.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb04516.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref055","unstructured":"Helgason T. (1961). Frequency of depressive states within 89 geographically delimited population groups: the frequency of depressive states in Iceland as compared with other Scandinavian countries. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum CLXII (162)."},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700018171"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432880"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.7.892","volume":"141","author":"Weissman","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700007261"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300029004"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136773"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300098011"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/27.3.281"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref053","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Psychopathology of the Aged","author":"Gurland","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.1.56","article-title":"Amish study I: affective disorders among the Amish, 1976\u20131980","volume":"140","author":"Egeland","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.111.477.659"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref017","first-page":"35","article-title":"The epidemiology of depression in late life","volume":"22","author":"Blazer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref052","volume-title":"The Manual of the General Health Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.498.499"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref046","unstructured":"Essen-M\u00f6ller E. , Larrson M. & Uddeng C. E. (1956). Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish population. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum C (100)."},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198802000-00001"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790080053007"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref092","volume-title":"The Standardized Psychiatric Examination","author":"Romanoski","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref034","volume-title":"Analysis of Binary Data","author":"Cox","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048678009159356"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref114","volume-title":"The PSE-ID-CATEGO System: Supplementary Manual","author":"Wing","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800200021004"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700006371"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00577836"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.1.18"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.109.461.451"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.121.2.183"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.12.1534","article-title":"A critical discussion of DSM-III Dysthymic Disorder","volume":"144","author":"Kocsis","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192104000-00057","volume-title":"Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1921"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790200015002"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1970.11023630"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref069","volume-title":"The Character of Danger: Psychiatric Symptoms in Selected Communities","author":"Leighton","year":"1963"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800350011002"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4060.875"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.4.527","article-title":"Phenomenological comparison of post-stroke depression and functional depression","volume":"143","author":"Lipsey","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.4.364"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760120108015"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref074","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease","author":"McHugh","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583997"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.2.188"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.9.1081","article-title":"Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample","volume":"137","author":"Myers","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210041006"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700024806"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(73)90014-7"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196408000-00012"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref088","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of Depressive Illness","author":"Robins","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.129.1.15"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378603100210"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.144.3.256"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.5.547"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref096","first-page":"286","volume-title":"Mental Disorders in the Community","author":"Shrout","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199001000-00005"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(86)90047-9"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100013001"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810040075011"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00837.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091798-6.50009-9"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770350030002"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700004487"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780050023001"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref111","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study","author":"Weissman","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref116","volume-title":"Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms","author":"Wing","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-091798-6.50017-8"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379003500505"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.130.1.1"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1979.tb00285.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360026004"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb05060.x"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210016003"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref059","volume-title":"The Classification of Depressive Illnesses","author":"Kendell","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780110041005"},{"key":"S0033291700038095_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700001975"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291700038095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T17:10:51Z","timestamp":1558026651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291700038095\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291700038095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291700038095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,8]]}}}