{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:44:02Z","timestamp":1785523442599,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,17]],"date-time":"2001-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> There is still a relative paucity of information about the long-term course of depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Consecutive patients admitted to a teaching hospital psychiatry unit with symptoms of depression, previously assessed at 6 months and 2, 5 and 15 years after index admission, were reviewed at 25 years (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 49, including eight informants of deceased probands, of an original 145 with major depression (DEPs)). Prospective psychiatric (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 22) and retrospective surgical (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 50) control groups assessed after 25 years were used for comparison.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> A further decade of follow-up confirmed the chronicity of depression. Of depressed patients (DEPs) followed for the full 25-year-period only 12% of the 49 original DEPs recovered and remained continuously well, 84% experienced recurrences, 2% experienced an unremitting course and another 2% died by suicide. Note that in the first 15-year-period 6% (9\/145 DEPs) committed suicide, a further 38 died and 32 were lost to follow-up. They experienced an average of three episodes of depression over the 25 years. In the decade since the 15-year follow-up, 27% improved in clinical outcome (including four of five previously chronically depressed patients), 55% remained unchanged and 18% worsened; and the number of episodes per year declined. Patients initially diagnosed with neurotic or endogenous depression had similar long-term outcomes. The criteria for a current DSM-III-R disorder were met by 37% of DEPs, including 11% with depression or dysthymia. On the global assessment of functioning scale 78% of the DEPs had some impairment compared to 62% of psychiatric controls and 40% of surgical controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Even after 25 years, severe depressive disorders appear to have poor long-term outcomes. Patients with chronic outcomes over 15 years can improve when followed over longer periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291701004743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T06:18:06Z","timestamp":1218694686000},"page":"1347-1359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A 25-year longitudinal, comparison study of the outcome of depression"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"BRODATY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"LUSCOMBE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"PEISAH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"ANSTEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"ANDREWS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,17]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291701004743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T18:39:47Z","timestamp":1557254387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291701004743\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291701004743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291701004743","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}}}