{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:30:48Z","timestamp":1781829048874,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,5]],"date-time":"2002-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1012867200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Previous studies have shown that the presence of conduct disorder may contribute to the persistence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology into adolescence; however, the aetiological relationship between the two phenotypes remains undetermined. Furthermore, studies utilizing multiple informants have indicated that teacher ratings of these phenotypes are more valid than maternal reports.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> The genetic structure underlying the persistence of ADHD and oppositional-defiant disorder\/conduct disorder (ODD\/CD) symptomatologies as rated by mothers and teachers at two occasions of measurement was investigated on a sample of 494 male and 603 female same sex adolescent twin pairs participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Using structural modelling techniques, one common genetic factor was shown to govern the covariation between the phenotypes across informants and occasion of measurement with additional genetic factors specific to ODD\/CD symptomatology and persistence of symptomatology at reassessment. Genetic structures underlying the phenotypes were, to some extent, informant dependent.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> The findings indicate that it is unlikely that the co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD\/CD is due to environmental influences that are independent of ADHD. Rather it is likely to be due to a shared genetic liability either operating directly, or indirectly through gene\u2013environment correlations or interactions. The covariation between phenotypes across informants and time is governed by a common set of genes, but it seems that ODD\/CD is also influenced by additional genetic factors. Developmentally, different forms of genetic liability control ADHD in males and inattention in females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291701004792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1218694651000},"page":"39-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder\/conduct disorder (ODD\/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"T.\u00a0S.","family":"NADDER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"RUTTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0L.","family":"SILBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u00a0H.","family":"MAES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.\u00a0J.","family":"EAVES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,5]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291701004792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T18:56:12Z","timestamp":1554490572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291701004792\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291701004792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291701004792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}