{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:31:14Z","timestamp":1789054274164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]],"date-time":"2003-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059609600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Published studies of emotional processing and cognitive style in bipolar disorders tend to have small sample sizes or use non-clinical samples. Larger clinically representative studies are needed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> Self-esteem, dysfunctional attitudes and personality style were compared in unipolar (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=16) and bipolar disorder (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=77); and then investigated in the different phases of bipolar disorder (remitted=26; depressed=38; hypomanic=13). One-year outcome was assessed in 36 bipolar subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Unipolar subjects and bipolar subjects differed significantly in their mean levels of negative self-esteem (unipolar=15\u00b75; bipolar=12\u00b77; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705). Bipolar subjects with hypomania reported mean levels of dysfunctional beliefs that were higher than individuals in remission but lower than depressed subjects (remitted=136\u00b77; depressed=153\u00b78; hypomanic=144\u00b78; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705). Hypomanic subjects recorded the highest levels of negative as well as positive self-esteem. In the exploratory analysis of outcome, negative self-esteem (Exp [B] 1\u00b791; 95% CI 1\u00b711 to 3\u00b732; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705) was the most robust predictor of relapse.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> There are similarities in the cognitive style of individuals with unipolar as compared to bipolar disorders. Cognitive style in hypomania represents a phase between remission and depression rather than the polar opposite of depression. The implications of these findings are considered for psychological and neural network models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291703007876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]],"date-time":"2004-07-12T06:14:05Z","timestamp":1089612845000},"page":"1081-1088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Cognitive styles in individuals with bipolar disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"JAN","family":"SCOTT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARIE","family":"POPE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291703007876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T15:29:29Z","timestamp":1554996569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291703007876\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291703007876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291703007876","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,31]]}}}