{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1793287835050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,14]],"date-time":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1074038400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Most of the available evidence on the effects of depression is based on in- and out-patient samples focusing on individuals suffering from major depression. The aims of this study were to examine cognitive functioning in population-based samples and to determine whether cognitive performance varies as a function of depression subgroup.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> Population-based samples (aged 20\u201364 years) with major depression (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=68), dysthymia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=28), mixed anxiety-depressive disorder (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=25) and minor depression (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=66) were examined on a variety of cognitive tasks (i.e. episodic memory, verbal fluency, perceptual-motor speed and mental flexibility). One hundred and seventy-five non-depressed individuals served as controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> The total group of depressed individuals showed impairments in tasks tapping episodic memory and mental flexibility. Of more interest, however, was the observation that the pattern of impairments varied as a function of depression subgroup: the major depression and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder groups exhibited significant memory dysfunction, whereas individuals with dysthymia showed pronounced difficulties in mental flexibility. Minor depression did not affect cognitive performance. Verbal fluency and perceptual-motor speed were not affected by depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> These results indicate that persons with depressive disorders in the population exhibit cognitive impairments in tasks tapping episodic memory and mental flexibility and that cognitive impairment varies as a function of depressive disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291703008559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,14]],"date-time":"2004-01-14T11:11:50Z","timestamp":1074078710000},"page":"83-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"AIRAKSINEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"LARSSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"LUNDBERG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"FORSELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,14]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291703008559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T23:02:15Z","timestamp":1554505335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291703008559\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291703008559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291703008559","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}