{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:41:44Z","timestamp":1790077304658,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]],"date-time":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099872000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Cognitive performance was compared in the genetically and neurobiologically related disorders of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD), in three domains of executive function: planning, decision-making and inhibitory response control.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> Twenty TS patients, twenty OCD patients and a group of age- and IQ-matched normal controls completed psychometric and computerized cognitive tests and psychiatric rating scales. The cognitive tests were well-characterized in terms of their sensitivity to other fronto-striatal disorders, and included pattern and spatial recognition memory, attentional set-shifting, and a Go\/No-go set-shifting task, planning, and decision-making.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Compared to controls, OCD patients showed selective deficits in pattern recognition memory and slower responding in both pattern and spatial recognition, impaired extra-dimensional shifting on the set-shifting test and impaired reversal of response set on the Go\/No-go test. In contrast, TS patients were impaired in spatial recognition memory, extra-dimensional set-shifting, and decision-making. Neither group was impaired in planning. Direct comparisons between the TS and OCD groups revealed significantly different greater deficits for recognition memory latency and Go\/No-go reversal for the OCD group, and quality of decision-making for the TS group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> TS and OCD show both differences (recognition memory, decision-making) and similarities (set-shifting) in selective profiles of cognitive function. Specific set-shifting deficits in the OCD group contrasted with their intact performance on other tests of executive function, such as planning and decision-making, and suggested only limited involvement of frontal lobe dysfunction, possibly consistent with OCD symptomatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704003691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,17]],"date-time":"2005-03-17T09:31:28Z","timestamp":1111051888000},"page":"571-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Executive function in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"LAURA H.","family":"WATKINS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BARBARA J.","family":"SAHAKIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARY M.","family":"ROBERTSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVID M.","family":"VEALE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ROBERT D.","family":"ROGERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KATHRYN M.","family":"PICKARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL R. F.","family":"AITKEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TREVOR W.","family":"ROBBINS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291704003691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T17:21:48Z","timestamp":1554484908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291704003691\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291704003691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291704003691","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,8]]}}}