{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:15:53Z","timestamp":1791144953295,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]],"date-time":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000530_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within Beck's cognitive model of depression, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which activated self-schemas result in the production of negative thoughts. Recent research has demonstrated that inhibitory dysfunction is present in depression, and this deficit is likely valence-specific. However, whether valence-specific inhibitory deficits are associated with increased negative cognition and whether such deficits are specific to depression <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> remains unexamined. The authors posit the theory that inhibitory dysfunction may influence the degree to which activated self-schemas result in the production of depressive cognition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000530_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=43) <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> healthy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=36) and non-depressed anxious (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=32) controls were assessed on the Prose Distraction Task (PDT), a measure of cognitive inhibition, and the Stop-Signal Task (SST), a measure of motor response inhibition. These two tasks were modified in order to present emotionally valenced semantic stimuli (i.e. negative, neutral, positive).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000530_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with MDD demonstrated performance impairments on the PDT, which were most pronounced for negatively valenced adjectives, relative to both control groups. Moreover, these impairments correlated with self-report measures of negative thinking and rumination. Conversely, the performance of the MDD participants did not differ from either control group on the SST.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000530_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of depressive cognition are discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291707000530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]],"date-time":"2007-04-24T12:41:20Z","timestamp":1177418480000},"page":"1249-1259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Inhibitory deficits for negative information in persons with major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"MARK A.","family":"LAU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRUCE K.","family":"CHRISTENSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LANCE L.","family":"HAWLEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL S.","family":"GEMAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZINDEL V.","family":"SEGAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref053","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary","author":"Spreen","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-5753-6"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012208930-5\/50007-6"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.2.215"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.6.4.533"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.4.P131"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084314"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984997"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938808410926"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref004","volume-title":"Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual","author":"Beck","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005140103162"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930244000480"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.205"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.220"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699938808410923"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.1.4","article-title":"Psychomotor symptoms of depression","volume":"154","author":"Sobin","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref006","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Second Edition Manual","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref024","first-page":"185","article-title":"Depression versus anxiety: processing of self and other-referent information","volume":"2","author":"Greenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825589708256645"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref013","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Continuous Performance Test, identical pairs version: contrasting attentional profiles in schizophrenic and depressed patients","volume":"29","author":"Cornblatt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref056","volume-title":"Affect, Cognition and Change: Remodelling Depressive Thought","author":"Teasdale","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.03.007"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.1.3"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.1.92"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref001","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Psychopathology and Cognition","author":"Ackermann-Engel","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref016","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-IP)","author":"First","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01177660"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref047","first-page":"196","article-title":"Cognitive and performance deficits in depression","volume":"18","author":"Raskin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychopharmacological Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.1.115"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref036","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.241"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001233"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01447091"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref003","volume-title":"Depression: Causes and Treatment","author":"Beck","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(87)90064-X"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.6.958"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref002","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref014","volume-title":"The Living Word Vocabulary","author":"Dale","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref037","first-page":"121","article-title":"Attention inhibition: does it underlie ruminative thought?","volume":"9","author":"Linville","year":"1996","journal-title":"Advances in Social Cognition"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.3.237"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.129"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199602000-00010"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref062","volume-title":"The Wide Range Achievement Test\u00a0\u2013\u00a03","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01178214"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.4.734"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.1.121"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref059","volume-title":"A manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.5.721"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref005","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy of Depression","author":"Beck","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref063","volume-title":"Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders","author":"Williams","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref034","volume-title":"Computational Analysis of Present-day American English","author":"Kucera","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref060","first-page":"349","article-title":"Cognitive content specificity in selective attention across four domains of maladjustment","volume":"4","author":"Westra","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioral Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198912000-00004"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref054","volume-title":"Using Multivariate Statistics","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref041","unstructured":"McNeely H.\u00a0E. , Christensen B.\u00a0K. , Lau M. , Yu H. & Alain C. (2005). ERPs underlying Emotional Stroop performance in persons with Major Depression. Presented at the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref010","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Therapy and Therapy of Depression","author":"Clark","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref009","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effects of amoxapine and imipramine on evoked potentials in the Continuous Performance Test in patients with affective disorder","volume":"20","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref029","first-page":"163","article-title":"Age and inhibition","volume":"17","author":"Hasher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"S0033291707000530_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400920"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291707000530","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1556731518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291707000530\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291707000530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291707000530","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]]}}}