{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:54:48Z","timestamp":1768784088844,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]],"date-time":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000578_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Estrogen has been hypothesized to have a protective and antipsychotic-like effect in women at risk for schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between menstrual cycle and\/or estrogen levels and psychotic symptoms in a sample of women with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000578_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and twenty-five premenopausal women with schizophrenia and regular menses were examined. The levels of 17\u03b2-estradiol and other hormones of the gonadal axis were assessed in the follicular, peri-ovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The effects of the menstrual cycle phase and\/or the estradiol level on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores were calculated by means of regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000578_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant improvement in psychotic, but not depressive, symptoms was observed during the luteal phase, compared with other days of the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707000578_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present findings indicate that estradiol may have specific antipsychotic-like effects on the symptoms of schizophrenia. Thus further investigation into the therapeutic effect of estrogen may be worthwhile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291707000578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]],"date-time":"2007-04-24T16:41:23Z","timestamp":1177432883000},"page":"1427-1436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Estrogen, menstrual cycle phases, and psychopathology in women suffering from schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"NIELS","family":"BERGEMANN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PETER","family":"PARZER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BENNO","family":"RUNNEBAUM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FRANZ","family":"RESCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CHRISTOPH","family":"MUNDT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref052","first-page":"279","article-title":"Estrogen actions in the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"McEwen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261"},{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.3.424b"},{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126507"},{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00088-8"},{"key":"S0033291707000578_ref006","volume-title":"Risk and Protective Factors in Schizophrenia. 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