{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:21:35Z","timestamp":1791271295573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200873600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291707002668_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A better understanding of the long-term scope and impact of the co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) youth has important clinical and public health implications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707002668_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects were assessed blindly at baseline (mean age=10.7 years), 1-year (mean age=11.9 years), 4-year (mean age=14.7 years) and 10-year follow-up (mean age=21.7 years). The subjects' lifetime diagnostic status of ADHD, ODD and CD by the 4-year follow-up were used to define four groups (Controls, ADHD, ADHD plus ODD, and ADHD plus ODD and CD). Diagnostic outcomes at the 10-year follow-up were considered positive if full criteria were met any time after the 4-year assessment (interval diagnosis). Outcomes were examined using a Kaplan\u2013Meier survival function (persistence of ODD), logistic regression (for binary outcomes) and negative binomial regression (for count outcomes) controlling for age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707002668_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ODD persisted in a substantial minority of subjects at the 10-year follow-up. Independent of co-morbid CD, ODD was associated with major depression in the interval between the 4-year and the 10-year follow-up. Although ODD significantly increased the risk for CD and antisocial personality disorder, CD conferred a much larger risk for these outcomes. Furthermore, only CD was associated with significantly increased risk for psychoactive substance use disorders, smoking, and bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291707002668_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These longitudinal findings support and extend previously reported findings from this sample at the 4-year follow-up indicating that ODD and CD follow a divergent course. They also support previous findings that ODD heralds a compromised outcome for ADHD youth grown up independently of the co-morbidity with CD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291707002668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T10:10:13Z","timestamp":1200910213000},"page":"1027-1036","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up 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