{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:28:07Z","timestamp":1783618087687,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1203897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291708002936_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Common fears change over development. Genetic and environmental risk factors for fears are partly shared across fears and partly fear-specific. The nature of the changes in common and fear-specific genetic and environmental risk factors over time is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708002936_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-reported fears were obtained at ages 13\u201314, 16\u201317 and 19\u201320 from 2404 twins in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. A multivariate longitudinal twin analysis was conducted with Mx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708002936_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen individual items formed four fear factors: animal, blood-injury, situational, and social. The best-fit model had no quantitative or qualitative sex effects or shared environmental effects, but included a strong common factor with a stable cross-time structure with highest loadings on situational and lowest loadings on social fears. New common and fear-specific genetic risk factors emerged over development. With increasing age, genetic effects declined in overall importance and became more fear-specific. Cross-time continuity in specific genetic effects was highest for animal and lowest for social fears. Social fears had a \u2018burst\u2019 of specific genetic effects in late adolescence. Individual-specific environmental factors impacted both on the general fear factor and on specific fears. Compared to genetic effects, the impact of the unique environment was more time-specific.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708002936_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic and environmental risk factors for individual fears are partly mediated through a common fear factor and are partly fear-specific in their effect. The developmental pattern of these risk factors is complex and dynamic with new common and specific genetic effects arising in late adolescence and early adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291708002936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1203935203000},"page":"1759-1769","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The development of fears from early adolesence to young adulthood: a multivariate study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"K.\u00a0S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.\u00a0O.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Annas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040504"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.12.1409"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.1.1.3"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref008","volume-title":"Principles of Population Genetics","author":"Hartl","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1978.10"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.2.301"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001452"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000005390"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-004-5587-0"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00919.x"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref003","first-page":"657","article-title":"Evidence for independent genetic influences on obesity in middle age","volume":"16","author":"Fabsitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(00)00049-9"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402002110"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000293"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00048-3"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.343"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.257"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.1.67"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150052009"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref012","article-title":"A Longitudinal twin study of fears from middle childhood to early adulthood: evidence for a developmentally dynamic genome","author":"Kendler","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/183242706778024937"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(71)80064-3"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00680"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref021","volume-title":"Fears, Phobias, and Rituals","author":"Marks","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.4.550"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref025","volume-title":"Mx: Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01032.x"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.1.64"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref001","first-page":"423","article-title":"Age related changes in heritability of behavioral phenotypes over adolescence and young adulthood: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bergen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Twin Research"},{"key":"S0033291708002936_ref029","unstructured":"Prescott CA , Gottesman I (1993). 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