{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:07:01Z","timestamp":1790773621085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]],"date-time":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S003329170800322X_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) was included as a provisional diagnostic category in the appendices of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III-R (then called late luteal phase dysphoric disorder) and remained as an appendix in DSM-IV. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of PMDD using all four DSM-IV research diagnostic criteria in a representative sample of women of reproductive age in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329170800322X_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected in the homes of women between the ages of 13 and 55 years in two urban and two rural sites using a random sampling procedure developed by the National Opinion Research Center. Women completed daily symptom questionnaires and provided urine specimens each day for two consecutive ovulatory menstrual cycles (ovulation was estimated for women taking oral contraceptives) and were screened for psychiatric disorders by trained interviewers. Symptoms were counted toward a diagnosis of PMDD if they worsened significantly during the late luteal week during two consecutive ovulatory menstrual cycles, occurred on days in which women reported marked interference with functioning, and were not due to another mental disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329170800322X_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the final analysis, 1246 women who had had at least one menstrual cycle and were neither naturally nor surgically menopausal nor pregnant were selected. Of the women in the study, 1.3% met criteria for the diagnosis as defined in DSM-IV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329170800322X_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of PMDD is considerably lower than DSM-IV estimates and all but one of the estimates obtained from previous studies when all DSM-IV diagnostic criteria are considered. We suggest a new process for diagnosing PMDD based on our findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329170800322x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]],"date-time":"2008-03-26T14:39:43Z","timestamp":1206542383000},"page":"129-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a randomly selected group of urban and rural women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Gehlert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. H.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.-H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. A.","family":"Hartlage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1991.5.3.296"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref020","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (2002). Profiles of general demographic characteristics (http:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/home\/saff\/main.html). Accessed 21 May 2007."},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref003","first-page":"342","article-title":"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder \u2013 a study from India","volume":"45","author":"Banerjee","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref002","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1997"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300064008"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref001","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00458-X"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1989.3.4.338"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref016","volume-title":"Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design","author":"Sudman","year":"1982"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref007","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis 1 Disorders \u2013 Non-Patient Edition (SCID I\/NP), version 2.0","author":"First","year":"1996"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1999.8.75"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829709085567"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209500205"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS\/PMDD)","volume":"28","author":"Halbreich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.525","article-title":"Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in 670 women evaluated for premenstrual complaints","volume":"149","author":"Hurt","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.4.491","article-title":"Some correlates of prospectively defined premenstrual syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Schnurr","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.12.1634","article-title":"Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in young women","volume":"147","author":"Rivera-Tovar","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0137-9"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2000.079005405.x"},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref019","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (1995). Urban and rural definitions (http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/censusdata\/urdef.txt). Accessed 21 May 2007."},{"key":"S003329170800322X_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004925"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329170800322X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T20:53:39Z","timestamp":1556657619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329170800322X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329170800322X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329170800322x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,26]]}}}