{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:49:20Z","timestamp":1780537760996,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,9]],"date-time":"2008-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1210291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291708003425_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u2018gateway\u2019 pattern of drug initiation describes a normative sequence, beginning with alcohol and tobacco use, followed by cannabis, then other illicit drugs. Previous work has suggested that \u2018violations\u2019 of this sequence may be predictors of later problems but other determinants were not considered. We have examined the role of pre-existing mental disorders and sociodemographics in explaining the predictive effects of violations using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708003425_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NCS-R is a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 9282 English-speaking respondents aged 18 years and older that used the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess DSM-IV mental and substance disorders. Drug initiation was estimated using retrospective age-of-onset reports and \u2018violations\u2019 defined as inconsistent with the normative initiation order. Predictors of violations were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to see whether violations predicted progression to dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708003425_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gateway violations were largely unrelated to later dependence risk, with the exception of small increases in risk of alcohol and other illicit drug dependence for those who initiated use of other illicit drugs before cannabis. Early-onset internalizing disorders were predictors of gateway violations, and both internalizing and externalizing disorders increased the risks of dependence among users of all drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708003425_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug use initiation follows a strong normative pattern, deviations from which are not strongly predictive of later problems. By contrast, adolescents who have already developed mental health problems are at risk for deviations from the normative sequence of drug initiation and for the development of dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291708003425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,9]],"date-time":"2008-05-09T05:59:55Z","timestamp":1210312795000},"page":"157-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Does the \u2018gateway\u2019 matter? Associations between the order of drug use initiation and the development of drug dependence in the National Comorbidity Study Replication"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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