{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T22:37:44Z","timestamp":1775169464250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]],"date-time":"2008-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224720000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004595_sec_001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is being claimed as the \u2018signature\u2019 injury of the Iraq war, and is believed to be the cause of long-term symptomatic ill health (post-concussional syndrome; PCS) in an unknown proportion of military personnel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004595_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed cross-sectional data from a large, randomly selected cohort of UK military personnel deployed to Iraq (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=5869). Two markers of PCS were generated: \u2018PCS symptoms\u2019 (indicating the presence of mTBI-related symptoms: none, 1\u20132, 3+) and \u2018PCS symptom severity\u2019 (indicating the presence of mTBI-related symptoms at either a moderate or severe level of severity: none, 1\u20132, 3+).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004595_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PCS symptoms and PCS symptom severity were associated with self-reported exposure to blast whilst in a combat zone. However, the same symptoms were also associated with other in-theatre exposures such as potential exposure to depleted uranium and aiding the wounded. Strong associations were apparent between having PCS symptoms and other health outcomes, in particular being a post-traumatic stress disorder or General Health Questionnaire case.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004595_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PCS symptoms are common and some are related to exposures such as blast injury. However, this association is not specific, and the same symptom complex is also related to numerous other risk factors and exposures. Post-deployment screening for PCS and\/or mTBI in the absence of contemporaneous recording of exposure is likely to be fraught with hazards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291708004595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]],"date-time":"2008-10-23T08:09:56Z","timestamp":1224749396000},"page":"1379-1387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Symptoms of post-concussional syndrome are non-specifically related to mild traumatic brain injury in UK Armed Forces personnel on return from deployment in Iraq: an analysis of self-reported data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"N. T.","family":"Fear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Groom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Hodgetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wessely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68662-5"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-51"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref001","volume-title":"AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test","author":"Babor","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.4.314"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970510027321"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7534.165"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.8.1050","article-title":"Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms and psychiatric disorders in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in primary care","volume":"153","author":"Wessely","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref024","volume-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199303000-00006"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref007","volume-title":"A Users' Guide to the General Health Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref003","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in Cancer Research: Volume 1 \u2013 The Analysis of Case\u2013Control Studies","author":"Breslow","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref005","volume-title":"VHA Directive 2007\u2013013. Screening and Evaluation of Possible Traumatic Brain Injury in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07071180"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060036"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.150"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058102"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn068"},{"key":"S0033291708004595_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910283411801"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291708004595","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T07:56:41Z","timestamp":1556611001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291708004595\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291708004595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291708004595","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,23]]}}}