{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:17:09Z","timestamp":1790194629551,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228176000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004753_sec_a001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) is probably an etiologically heterogeneous condition. Many patients manifest other psychiatric syndromes. This study investigated the relationship between OCD and co-morbid conditions to identify subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004753_sec_a002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven hundred and six individuals with OCD were assessed in the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study (OCGS). Multi-level latent class analysis was conducted based on the presence of eight co-morbid psychiatric conditions [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression, panic disorder (PD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), tics, mania, somatization disorders (Som) and grooming disorders (GrD)]. The relationship of the derived classes to specific clinical characteristics was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004753_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two and three classes of OCD syndromes emerge from the analyses. The two-class solution describes lesser and greater co-morbidity classes and the more descriptive three-class solution is characterized by: (1) an OCD simplex class, in which major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most frequent additional disorder; (2) an OCD co-morbid tic-related class, in which tics are prominent and affective syndromes are considerably rarer; and (3) an OCD co-morbid affective-related class in which PD and affective syndromes are highly represented. The OCD co-morbid tic-related class is predominantly male and characterized by high conscientiousness. The OCD co-morbid affective-related class is predominantly female, has a young age at onset, obsessive\u2013compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) features, high scores on the \u2018taboo\u2019 factor of OCD symptoms, and low conscientiousness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004753_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OCD can be classified into three classes based on co-morbidity. Membership within a class is differentially associated with other clinical characteristics. These classes, if replicated, should have important implications for research and clinical endeavors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291708004753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T10:16:47Z","timestamp":1228213007000},"page":"1491-1501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: subclassification based on co-morbidity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Z.","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Riddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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