{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:27:00Z","timestamp":1791404820719,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230076800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004959_sec_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in higher education settings is rapidly becoming a contentious issue, particularly among patients with high IQs, we sought to assess the validity of diagnosing ADHD in high-IQ adults and to further characterize the clinical features associated with their ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004959_sec_a002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We operationalized high IQ as having a full-scale IQ\u2a7e120. We identified 53 adults with a high IQ who did not have ADHD and 64 adults with a high IQ who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Groups did not differ on IQ, socio-economic status or gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004959_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-IQ adults with ADHD reported a lower quality of life, had poorer familial and occupational functioning, and had more functional impairments, including more speeding tickets, accidents and arrests. Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses were higher in high-IQ adults with ADHD. All other psychiatric co-morbidities, including antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse, did not differ between the two high-IQ groups. ADHD was more prevalent in first-degree relatives of adults with ADHD relative to controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291708004959_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggest that adults with ADHD and a high IQ display patterns of functional impairments, familiality and psychiatric co-morbidities that parallel those found in the average-IQ adult ADHD population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291708004959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T04:18:42Z","timestamp":1230092322000},"page":"1325-1335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Is adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"K. 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