{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:21:03Z","timestamp":1790684463301,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237420800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005364_sec_a001\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The authors used results from a 20-year, high-intensity follow-up to measure the influence of ageing, and of age at onset, on the long-term persistence of symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005364_sec_a002\">\n\t    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Subjects who completed a 20-year series of semi-annual and then annual assessments with a stable diagnosis of MDD or schizo-affective disorder other than mainly schizophrenic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=220) were divided according to their ages at intake into youngest (18\u201329 years), middle (30\u201344 years) and oldest (&gt;45 years) groups. Depressive morbidity was quantified as the proportion of weeks spent in major depressive or schizo-affective episodes. General linear models then tested for effects of time and time\u00d7group interactions on these measures. Regression analyses compared the influence of age of onset and of current age.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005364_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Analyses revealed no significant time or group\u00d7time effects on the proportions of weeks in major depressive episodes in any of the three age groups. Earlier ages of onset were associated with greater symptom persistence, particularly in the youngest group. The proportions of weeks ill showed intra-individual stability over time that was most evident in the oldest group.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005364_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>These results indicate that the persistence of depressive symptoms in MDD does not change as individuals move from their third to their fifth decade, from their fourth to their sixth decade, or from their sixth to their eighth decade. An early age of onset, rather than youth <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>, is associated with greater morbidity over two decades.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291709005364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]],"date-time":"2009-03-19T10:20:17Z","timestamp":1237458017000},"page":"1689-1695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Does major depressive disorder change with age?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Coryell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Schettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.4.461"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00142-6"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007918"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(89)90033-5"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00120.x"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1693","article-title":"The course of geriatric depression with \u2018reversible dementia\u2018: a controlled study","volume":"150","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90024-9"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90030-2"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.4.330"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)00181-X"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000085415.08426.c6"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004743"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0302"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790230022003"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.139.5.463"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1124","article-title":"Characteristics and significance of untreated major depressive disorder","volume":"152","author":"Coryell","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.5.468"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-26","first-page":"56","article-title":"Prognosis and course in manic depressive psychosis. A follow-up study of 319 first admissions","volume":"35","author":"Lundquist","year":"1945","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.727"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.1.45"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-003-0437-2"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.914"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.10.1353","article-title":"Predictors of relapse into major depressive disorder in a nonclinical population","volume":"148","author":"Coryell","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.6.764","article-title":"Clinical predictors of recurrence in depression","volume":"146","author":"Giles","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800050064007"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1071"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00177-5"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.1o127.x"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06101757"},{"key":"S0033291709005364_manual_ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.4.497","article-title":"MRI-defined vascular depression","volume":"154","author":"Krishnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291709005364","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T08:14:26Z","timestamp":1750493666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291709005364\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291709005364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291709005364","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,19]]}}}