{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:34:53Z","timestamp":1788906893913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005443_sec_001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Public figures are at increased risk of attracting unwanted attention in the form of intrusions, stalking and, occasionally, attack. Whereas the potential threat to the British Royal Family from terrorists and organized groups is clearly defined, there is a dearth of knowledge about that from individual harassers and stalkers. This paper reports findings from the first systematic study of this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005443_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted of a randomly selected stratified sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=275) of 8001 files compiled by the Metropolitan Police Service's Royalty Protection Unit over 15 years on inappropriate communications or approaches to members of the British Royal Family. Cases were split into behavioural types. Evidence of major mental illness was recorded from the files. Cases were classified according to a motivational typology. An analysis was undertaken of associations between motivation, type of behaviour and mental illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005443_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the study sample, 83.6% were suffering from serious mental illness. Different forms of behaviour were associated with different patterns of symptomatology. Cases could be separated into eight motivational groups, which also showed significant differences in mental state. Marked differences in the intrusiveness of behaviour were found between motivational groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291709005443_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high prevalence of mental illness indicates the relevance of psychiatric intervention. This would serve the health interests of psychotic individuals and alleviate protection concerns without the necessity of attempting large numbers of individual risk predictions. The finding that some motivations are more likely to drive intrusive behaviours than others may help focus both health and protection interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291709005443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T04:26:15Z","timestamp":1238559975000},"page":"1479-1490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"D. V.","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. E.","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Path\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Meloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. F.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Darnley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. R.","family":"Farnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref021","volume-title":"Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Siegel","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J177v02n02_03","article-title":"Risk factors for approach behavior toward the U.S. Congress","volume":"2","author":"Scalora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Threat Assessment"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref008","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems","author":"Lowney","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref018","unstructured":"Rose D (2007). \u2018I've given you the chance to help, but you haven't. Now someone is going to have to die.\u2019 In The Observer, 26 August 2007 (http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/theobserver\/2007\/aug\/26\/features.magazine67). Accessed 18 September 2008."},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13486J"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195326383.003.0003"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref016","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Stalking: Psychiatry Perspectives and Practical Approaches","author":"Phillips","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref007","first-page":"59","article-title":"Attacks on the British Royal Family: the role of psychotic illness","volume":"36","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref004","first-page":"176","volume-title":"The Psychology of Stalking","author":"Fein","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195326383.003.0002"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref017","volume-title":"The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760\u20131850: Troublesome Subjects","author":"Poole","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref005","unstructured":"Hansard (2007). House of Commons Daily Debates, 25 June 2007: column 302W. The Stationery Office: London (http:\/\/www.publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm200607\/cmhansrd\/cm070625\/text\/70625w0068.htm). Accessed 18 September 2008."},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref013","first-page":"439","article-title":"Assessing and managing the risks in the stalking situation","volume":"34","author":"Mullen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref001","volume-title":"Sketches in Bedlam: or, Characteristic Traits of Insanity, as Displayed in the Cases of One Hundred and Forty Patients of Both Sexes, Now or Recently Confined in New Bethlem","year":"1823"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195326383.001.0001"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref015","first-page":"154","article-title":"Assessing presidential stalkers and assassins","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15575J"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004102"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01077.x"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195326383.003.0007"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"S0033291709005443_ref014","volume-title":"Stalkers and their Victims","author":"Mullen","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291709005443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T07:34:25Z","timestamp":1556609665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291709005443\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291709005443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291709005443","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]]}}}