{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T15:16:41Z","timestamp":1722525401903},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291710002151_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depression increases the risk of subsequent vascular events in both cardiac and non-cardiac patients. Atherosclerosis, the underlying process leading to vascular events, has been associated with depression. This association, however, may be confounded by the somatic-affective symptoms being a consequence of cardiovascular disease. While taking into account the differentiation between somatic-affective and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression, we examined the association between depression and atherosclerosis in a community-based sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291710002151_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 1261 participants of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study (NBS), aged 50\u201370 years and free of stroke and dementia, we measured the intima\u2013media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery as a measure of atherosclerosis and we assessed depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Principal components analysis (PCA) of the BDI items yielded two factors, representing a cognitive-affective and a somatic-affective symptom cluster. While correcting for confounders, we used separate multiple regression analyses to test the BDI sum score and both depression symptom clusters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291710002151_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a significant correlation between the BDI sum score and the IMT. Cognitive-affective, but not somatic-affective, symptoms were also associated with the IMT. When we stratified for coronary artery disease (CAD), the somatic-affective symptom cluster correlated significantly with depression in both patients with and patients without CAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291710002151_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between depressive symptoms and atherosclerosis is explained by the somatic-affective symptom cluster of depression. Subclinical vascular disease thus may inflate depressive symptom scores and may explain why treatment of depression in cardiac patients hardly affects vascular outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291710002151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T11:42:04Z","timestamp":1291981324000},"page":"1419-1428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Depressive symptom clusters are differentially associated with atherosclerotic disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"B. A. A.","family":"Bus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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