{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:33:48Z","timestamp":1793777628496,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311897600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291711001358_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711001358_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescents during the first stage of secondary education (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711001358_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711001358_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291711001358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1311931994000},"page":"475-484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"P. J.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. E.","family":"Sportel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"de Hullu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. H.","family":"Nauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref033","unstructured":"Huijding J , Wiers RW , Field AP (2010). The assessment of fear-related automatic associations in children and adolescents In Information Processing Biases and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective (ed. Hadwin and J. A. Field A. ), pp. 151\u2013182. Wiley: Chichester."},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2000.1464"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00022-5"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.03.007"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991371"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.2.282"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.01.003"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.256"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170600910X"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01275.x"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2003.10.008"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.197"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309029"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.10.007"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.4.631"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412976237.n2"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.864","article-title":"Affective and subjective familiarity ratings of 740 Dutch words","volume":"34","author":"Hermans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00202"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.4.446"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.10.025"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302305"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.10.990"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref010","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression","author":"Clark","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref011","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social Phobia: Diagnosis Assessment and Treatment","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015922"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.692"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.01.001"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000298413"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.06.004"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-48-1-25"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.6.972"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03061048"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280600681248"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref002","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Handbook of the Treatment of the Anxiety Disorders","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.01.007"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.004"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.08.003"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022668101048"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2010.486316"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.05.003"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref007","first-page":"165","article-title":"Psychometric study of the social self-esteem inventory of Lawson et al. (1979)","volume":"49","author":"Bouvard","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Review of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291711001358_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.626"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291711001358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T04:00:52Z","timestamp":1638158452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291711001358\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291711001358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291711001358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]}}}