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Here, we describe how consideration of findings from psychiatric research employing two physiological measures with distinct neural substrates \u2013 the startle blink reflex and the error-related negativity (ERN) \u2013 can help to clarify relations among disorders entailing salient anxiety or depressive symptomatology. Specifically, findings across various studies and reviews reveal distinct patterns of association for both the startle blink reflex and the ERN with three key domains of psychopathology: (1) Fear (or phobic) disorders (distinguished by increased startle to unpleasant stimuli, but normal-range ERN). (2) Non-phobic anxiety disorders and negative affect (associated with increased ERN, increased startle across all types of emotional stimuli and increased baseline startle) and, more tentatively (3) Major depression (for which patterns of response for both startle and ERN appear to vary, as a function of severity and distinct symptomatology). Findings from this review point to distinct neurobiological indicators of key psychopathology domains that have been previously demarcated using personality and diagnostic data. Notably, these indicators exhibit more specificity in their relations with these three domains than has been seen in quantitative-dimensional models. Implications of these findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291711001528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,19]],"date-time":"2011-08-19T13:23:46Z","timestamp":1313760226000},"page":"447-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Clarifying domains of internalizing psychopathology using neurophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"Vaidyanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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