{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:02:08Z","timestamp":1793206928948,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313452800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S003329171100153X_sec_a001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to present nationally representative data on the lifetime independent association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychiatric co-morbidity, correlates, quality of life and treatment seeking in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329171100153X_sec_a002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were derived from a large national sample of the US population. Face-to-face surveys of more than 34 000 adults aged 18 years and older residing in households were conducted during the 2004\u20132005 period. Diagnoses of ADHD, Axis I and II disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV version.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329171100153X_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADHD was associated independently of the effects of other psychiatric co-morbidity with increased risk of bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, and narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial and schizotypal personality disorders. A lifetime history of ADHD was also associated with increased risk of engaging in behaviors reflecting lack of planning and deficient inhibitory control, with high rates of adverse events, lower perceived health, social support and higher perceived stress. Fewer than half of individuals with ADHD had ever sought treatment, and about one-quarter had ever received medication. The average age of first treatment contact was 18.40 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329171100153X_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADHD is common and associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders, impulsive behaviors, greater number of traumas, lower quality of life, perceived social support and social functioning, even after adjusting for additional co-morbidity. When treatment is sought, it is often in late adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting the need to improve diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329171100153x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T09:32:45Z","timestamp":1313487165000},"page":"875-887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["The lifetime impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. T.","family":"Kerridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pallanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.7.907","article-title":"Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders","volume":"153","author":"Bernstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)01332-X"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01134-K"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref041","unstructured":"Grant B , Dawson D , Hasin D (2007 a). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule\u2013DSM-IV Version. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, 2001."},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.10.1720"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00391.x"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.2.212","article-title":"Driving-related risks and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents and young adults: a 3- to 5-year follow-up survey","volume":"92","author":"Barkley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref077","first-page":"35","article-title":"Role of executive function in ADHD","volume":"64","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000219831.16226.f8"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.07.019"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.716"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1102"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.564","article-title":"Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders","volume":"148","author":"Biederman","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.179"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001791"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006722.pub2"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-4-31"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0722-6"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.9.857"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref006","first-page":"10","article-title":"Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Barkley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.4.361"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002668"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008713"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00318.x"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.036"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00213-5"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003309"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200103000-00008"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref079","volume-title":"How to Score Version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey","author":"Ware","year":"2002"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540480040036"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.11.1537","article-title":"The natural history of alcohol abuse: implications for definitions of alcohol use disorders","volume":"147","author":"Hasin","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199007000-00007"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00090-2"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00088-4"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060796"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.1.60"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300054"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1145"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00743"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00070-X"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref036","first-page":"9","article-title":"Does stimulant treatment lead to substance use disorders?","volume":"64","author":"Faraone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0711"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0504"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006410"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2704"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.025"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003917"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref021","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among children \u2013 United States, 2003 and 2007","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1239"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0407"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.41"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref042","unstructured":"Grant B , Dawson D , Hasin D (2007 b). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version, Wave 2. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, 2004."},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9211-3"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000060878.61384.ED"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0403"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0516-z"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702801345"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.790"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03176.x"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0916"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.034389"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref051","first-page":"144","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and abuse diagnoses: concurrent validity in a nationally representative sample","volume":"23","author":"Hasin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1097"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0602"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00349.x","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder is age specific","volume":"31","author":"Molina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref024","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00889-1"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(04)00055-2"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0305"},{"key":"S003329171100153X_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00091-4"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329171100153X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T16:39:25Z","timestamp":1686242365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329171100153X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329171100153X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329171100153x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}}}