{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:42:13Z","timestamp":1771468933559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]],"date-time":"2011-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322179200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002327_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is growing concern about an alleged rise in violent behaviour amongst military personnel returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of violence in a sample of UK military personnel following homecoming from deployment in Iraq and to examine the impact of deployment-related experiences, such as combat trauma, on violence, and the role of sociodemographics and pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002327_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used baseline data from a cohort study of a large randomly selected sample of UK Armed Forces personnel in service at the time of the Iraq war (2003). Regular personnel (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=4928) who had been deployed to Iraq were included. Data, collected by questionnaire, included information on deployment experiences, sociodemographic and military characteristics, pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour, post-deployment health outcomes and a self-report measure of physical violence in the weeks following return from deployment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002327_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of violence was 12.6%. This was strongly associated with pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9\u20134.4]. After controlling for pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour, sociodemographics and military factors, violence was still strongly associated with holding a combat role (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6\u20132.5) and having experienced multiple traumatic events on deployment (aOR for four or more traumatic events 3.7, 95% CI 2.5\u20135.5). Violence on homecoming was also associated with mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (aOR 4.8, 95% CI 3.2\u20137.2) and alcohol misuse (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 2.5\u20133.9).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002327_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiences of combat and trauma during deployment were significantly associated with violent behaviour following homecoming in UK military personnel. Post-deployment mental health problems and alcohol misuse are also associated with increased violence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291711002327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]],"date-time":"2011-11-25T12:49:35Z","timestamp":1322225375000},"page":"1663-1673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Violent behaviour in UK military personnel returning home after deployment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"MacManus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Al Bakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wessely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. T.","family":"Fear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68662-5"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000759"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref001","volume-title":"AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test","author":"Babor","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref029","article-title":"Impact of pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour on behavioural outcomes among UK military personnel","author":"MacManus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20355","article-title":"Factors associated with antisocial behavior in combat veterans","volume":"36","author":"Booth-Kewley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.030544"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref022","article-title":"Why are so many former soldiers in prison?","author":"James","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref026","volume-title":"The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study: Tables of Findings and Technical Appendices","author":"Kulka","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024470103325"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref017","volume-title":"The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire: A Technique for the Identification and Assessment of Non-Psychotic Psychiatric Illness","author":"Goldberg","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.170.7.612"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024771121189"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.18.2141"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-68"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref023","first-page":"49","article-title":"Social class, social areas and delinquency","volume":"63","author":"Johnstone","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sociology and Social Research"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60672-1"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.226","article-title":"Violence and severe mental illness: the effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication","volume":"155","author":"Swartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09050739"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90278-X"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181cc45e9"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.11.3.213","article-title":"The cycle of trauma: relationship aggression in male Vietnam veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"Byrne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref011","volume-title":"Historical National Statistics Publications [Annual Publication]","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.4.698"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(199712)53:8<859::AID-JCLP11>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500080055032"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref010","volume-title":"Statistical Models in Epidemiology","author":"Clayton","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.001"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/352879"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref009","article-title":"From hero to zero","author":"Caesar","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Sunday Times"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01978.x"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000154835.92962.e5"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref040","first-page":"20","article-title":"Demobilised and addicted to danger","volume":"Fall","author":"Vaughan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Today's Officer"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790150017003"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20197"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198306000-00009"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198911)45:6<860::AID-JCLP2270450605>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref025","article-title":"We all have a duty to our troops","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.498"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.039818"},{"key":"S0033291711002327_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39430.638241.AE"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291711002327","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T01:37:42Z","timestamp":1713145062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291711002327\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291711002327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291711002327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]]}}}