{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:47:34Z","timestamp":1792979254381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321833600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002613_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A defining feature of the US economic downturn of 2008\u20132010 was the alarming rate of home foreclosure. Although a substantial number of US households have experienced foreclosure since 2008, the effects of foreclosure on mental health are unknown. We examined the effects of foreclosure on psychiatric symptomatology in a prospective, population-based community survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002613_sec_a002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were drawn from the Detroit Neighborhoods and Health Study (DNHS), waves 1 and 2 (2008\u20132010). A probability sample of predominantly African-American adults in Detroit, Michigan participated (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=1547). We examined the association between home foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 and increases in symptoms of DSM-IV major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002613_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most common reasons for foreclosure were an increase in monthly payments, an increase in non-medical expenses and a reduction in family income. Exposure to foreclosure between waves 1 and 2 predicted symptoms of major depression and GAD at wave 2, controlling for symptoms at wave 1. Even after adjusting for wave 1 symptoms, sociodemographics, lifetime history of psychiatric disorder at wave 1 and exposure to other financial stressors between waves 1 and 2, foreclosure was associated with an increased rate of symptoms of major depression [incidence density ratio (IDR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6\u20133.6] and GAD (IDR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4\u20132.6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291711002613_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We provide the first prospective evidence linking foreclosure to the onset of mental health problems. These results, combined with the high rate of home foreclosure since 2008, suggest that the foreclosure crisis may have adverse effects on the mental health of the US population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291711002613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T10:07:51Z","timestamp":1321870071000},"page":"1441-1448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Home foreclosure and risk of psychiatric morbidity during the recent financial crisis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"K. A.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M.","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.17.050196.002313"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.161380"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref036","unstructured":"Rooney B (2008). Rust and Sunbelt lead 2007 foreclosures: Detroit, Stockton, and Las Vegas are top activity centers for troubled homeowners, according to a new study (http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2008\/02\/12\/real_estate\/realtytrac\/index.htm). Accessed 7 November 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref037","unstructured":"RealtyTrac (2011). Record 2.9 million U.S. properties receive foreclosure filings in 2010 despite 30-month low in December (www.realtytrac.com\/content\/press-releases\/record-29-million-us-properties-receive-foreclosure-filings-in-2010-despite-30-month-low-in-december-6309). Accessed 21 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009767"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700038198"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.358"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002804X"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000221327.97904.b0"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref018","unstructured":"Fields D , Justa F , Libman K , Saegert S (2007). American Nightmare. Shelterforce Online, No. 150 (Summer). National Housing Institute (www.nhi.org\/online\/issues\/150\/americannightmare.html). Accessed 21 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref031","unstructured":"Ojeda RH (2009). The Continuing Home Foreclosure Tsunami: Disproportionate Impacts on Black and Latino Communities. A William C. Verlasquez Institute (WCVI) White Paper (www.wcvi.org\/data\/pub\/WCVI_Publication_Homeownership102309.pdf). Accessed 4 February 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref005","volume-title":"2005\u20132007 American Community Survey (ACS) 3-Year Estimates","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.1.30"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref026","unstructured":"Martin AJ (2010). After foreclosure: the displacement crisis and the social and spatial reproduction of inequality. ISSC Fellows Working Papers. Institute for the Study of Social Change, UC Berkeley (http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/3551q7sd). Accessed 27 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.5.838"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.3.S131"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.98.4.460"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref006","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref038","volume-title":"SUDAAN: Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001674"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009640"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref034","unstructured":"RealtyTrac (2009). Foreclosure activity increases 81 percent in 2008 (www.realtytrac.com\/content\/press-releases\/foreclosure-activity-increases-81-percent-in-2008-4551). Accessed 21 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa013404"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref044","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Measurement of Stress, Trauma, and Adaptation","author":"Weathers","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490080106"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref028","unstructured":"National Coalition for the Homeless (2009). Foreclosure to Homelessness 2009: The Forgotten Victims of the Subprime Crisis. A joint report from the National Coalition for the Homeless, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, National Alliance to End Homelessness, National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth, National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty, National Low Income Housing Coalition, and National Policy and Advocacy Council on Homelessness (www.nationalhomeless.org\/advocacy\/ForeclosuretoHomelessness0609.pdf). Accessed 21 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000087"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2427.2009.00863.x"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195083316.003.0007","volume-title":"Social Epidemiology","author":"Berkman","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673030050009285"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700000763"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref019","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I\/NP)","author":"First","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1996)4:3<134::AID-DA6>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref014","volume-title":"Local Area Unemployment Statistics: Unemployment Rates for States","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199305000-00003"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref035","unstructured":"RealtyTrac (2010). A record 2.8 million properties receive foreclosure notices in 2009 (www.realtytrac.com\/landing\/2009-year-end-foreclosure-report.html?a=b&accnt=233496). Accessed 21 January 2011."},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.8.789"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137203"},{"key":"S0033291711002613_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116297"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291711002613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T22:30:05Z","timestamp":1713133805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291711002613\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291711002613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291711002613","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]}}}