{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:53:40Z","timestamp":1787061220953,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291712000074_sec_a001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing evidence indicates that childhood trauma is a risk factor for schizophrenia and patients with this syndrome have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We tested the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory phenotype in schizophrenia is associated with childhood trauma and that patients without a history of such trauma have a similar immune profile to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291712000074_sec_a002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 40 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls, all of whom completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, we measured peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1. These immune parameters were compared in schizophrenia with childhood trauma, schizophrenia without childhood trauma and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291712000074_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with childhood trauma had higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 than patients without trauma and healthy controls, and TNF-\u03b1 levels correlated with the extent of the trauma. Patients with no trauma had similar immune profiles to controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291712000074_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood trauma drives changes, possibly epigenetic, that generate a pro-inflammatory phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291712000074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T07:02:48Z","timestamp":1329980568000},"page":"1865-1871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Schizophrenia patients with a history of childhood trauma have a pro-inflammatory 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