{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:26:25Z","timestamp":1790695585440,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]],"date-time":"2012-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350518400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002358_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychological traumatic events, such as war or road traffic accidents, are widespread. A small but significant proportion of survivors develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Distressing, sensory-based involuntary memories of trauma (henceforth \u2018flashbacks\u2019) are the hallmark symptom of PTSD. Understanding the development of flashbacks may aid their prevention. This work is the first to combine the trauma film paradigm (as an experimental analogue for flashback development) with neuroimaging to investigate the neural basis of flashback aetiology. We investigated the hypothesis that involuntary recall of trauma (flashback) is determined during the original event encoding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002358_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 22 healthy volunteers viewed a traumatic film whilst undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They kept a 1-week diary to record flashbacks to specific film scenes. Using a novel prospective fMRI design, we compared brain activation for those film scenes that subsequently induced flashbacks with both non-traumatic control scenes and scenes with traumatic content that did not elicit flashbacks (\u2018potentials\u2019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002358_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Encoding of scenes that later caused flashbacks was associated with widespread increases in activation, including in the amygdala, striatum, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus and ventral occipital cortex. The left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral middle temporal gyrus also exhibited increased activation but only relative to \u2018potentials\u2019. Thus, these latter regions appeared to distinguish between traumatic content that subsequently flashed back and comparable content that did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291712002358_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results provide the first prospective evidence that the brain behaves differently whilst experiencing emotional events that will subsequently become involuntary memories \u2013 flashbacks. Understanding the neural basis of analogue flashback memory formation may aid the development of treatment interventions for this PTSD feature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291712002358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1353514653000},"page":"1521-1532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["The neural basis of flashback formation: the impact of viewing trauma"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Bourne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. A.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.107.2.261"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.007"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60075-0"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1969.01740170056008"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20208"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.575","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: a PET investigation","volume":"156","author":"Shin","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref41","volume-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.03.001"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1173"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref64","volume-title":"Mental Health in Emergencies: Mental and Social Aspects of Health of Populations Exposed to Extreme Stressors","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.004"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01279-3"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007944"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.004"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00435-X"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.2.168"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.006"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181ea1e2f"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2032"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.09121812"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.096"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.2.158"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306408101"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.04.004"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref40","first-page":"216","article-title":"The labile nature of consolidation theory","volume":"1","author":"Nader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32834cdde2"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref3","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.838"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.105.001909"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024465317902"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00297-2"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00033-3"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.10.1024"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref18","volume-title":"Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences","author":"Foa","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330508"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210802266446"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.08.026"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.11.002"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.1.3"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004153"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref17","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.198"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref28","volume-title":"Functional MRI: An Introduction to Methods","author":"Jezzard","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-81"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35090055"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470774069"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.040"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.026"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-19-j0004.2000"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.042"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900007306"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1944"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref51","unstructured":"Roberts NP , Kitchiner NJ , Kenardy J , Bisson JI (2010). Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration. http:\/\/www.thecochranelibrary.com\/userfiles\/ccoch\/file\/PTSD\/CD007944.pdf (accessed September 2012)."},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1336-08.2008"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013397"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150057010"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref60","volume-title":"Manual for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1188"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.042"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0931"},{"key":"S0033291712002358_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291712002358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T22:20:30Z","timestamp":1687818030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291712002358\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291712002358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291712002358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]]}}}